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History
The systematic study and documentation of the human past.
Archaeological sources
Physical remains such as inscriptions, coins, monuments, pottery, etc. that provide information about the past.
Herodotus
The famous Greek historian recognized as the "Father of history."
Chronological order
Listing events in the order that they happened.
Era/period
A period of time joined by cultural/historical factors.
Decade
A unit of time equal to ten years.
Century
A unit of time equal to one hundred years.
Millennium
A unit of time equal to one thousand years.
B.C.E (Before the Common Era)/B.C (Before Christ)
Used to show that a year or century comes before the year 1 of the calendar used in much of the world.
C.E (The Common Era)
Used when referring to a year after the birth of Jesus Christ when the Christian calendar starts counting years.
A.D (Anno Domini)
Used when referring to a year after Jesus Christ was born.
Carbon Dating
The chemical analysis used to estimate the age of organic articles.
Inscriptions
Writings engraved on solid objects such as metals, rocks, pillars, and walls of caves.
Edicts
Official orders or royal commands issued by rulers in ancient times.
Artifacts
Articles of archaeological value.
Epigraphy
The study of old inscriptions or epigraphs.
Numismatics
The study of coins.
Geography
The study of the earth's surface.
Geology
The study of the earth's history, structure, and makeup.
Palaeontology
The study of fossils.
Meteorology
The scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting.
Ecology
The study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment.
Anthropology
The scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies in the past and present.
Greenland
The largest island in the world.
Sahara
The world's largest desert, covering about 9 million square kilometers.
Nile
The longest river in the world, with two major tributaries
Amazon
The world's largest river, also known as "The River Sea."
Dead Sea
A saltwater lake currently sinking about 1 meter every year, with a salinity of 342 parts per thousand.
Vatican City
The smallest country in the world.
Canada
The country with more than half of all the natural lakes in the world.
Mount Chimborazo
The peak in Ecuador that is closer to the moon than Mount Everest, the highest peak.
Nauru
An island country in the Pacific Ocean with no official capital.
Sargasso Sea
The only sea with no coast.
Istanbul
The only city located over two continents (Asia & Europe).
Lake Superior
The largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area.
Pitcairn
The smallest island with a county status.
Constitution of India
The supreme law of India.
Lengthiest constitution
The Indian constitution is the ______________________ in the world.
Constitution Day
Commemorated on November 26 to recognize the adoption of the Indian Constitution in 1949.
Preamble
The introductory statement of the Indian constitution that outlines the ideals and objectives of the nation.
Secular state
The Indian constitution has created a __________ that gives equal protection to all religions.
Fundamental rights
Important rights guaranteed to the citizens of India.
Directive Principles
Principles that guide the government in making laws and policies.
Parliamentary form of government
The form of government in India that is federal in structure with certain unitary features.
Separation of Powers
The division of powers between the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
Articles
There are 448 ___________ in the Indian Constitution.
B.R Ambedkar
The Father of the Indian Constitution.
Fundamental Rights
Article 17 abolishes untouchability, Articles 14, 15, and 16 establish principles of equality and social justice.
Important abbreviations
ASEAN, PSC, IAS, UPSC, UNICEF, UNESCO.
Literary sources
Manuscripts, scrolls, books, and important documents used as sources for the modern history of India.
Archaeological sources
Monuments and archaeological findings used as sources for the modern history of India.
Other sources
Printing, reports, radio, and broadcast used as sources for the modern history of India.
First British Governor General
Warren Hastings
First Viceroy
Lord Canning
First Governor General of Indian Union
C Rajagopalachari
First President of India
Dr Rajendra Prasad
Deputy Prime Minister
Sardar Vallabhai Patel
First President of Indian National Congress
W.C Banerjee
First Education Minister of India
Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
First Nobel Prize Winner
Rabindra Nath Tagore
First Chairman of Rajya Sabha
Dr S Radhakrishnan
First Indian Woman to win the Booker prize
Arundhati Roy
First Indian in the British Parliament
Dadabhai Naoroji
Mughal Empire
Factors such as religious policies, administrative inefficiencies, and external invasions contributed to its downfall.
Emergence of the British as the Central Controlling Authority
The British East India Company established themselves as the central controlling authority in India with the Battle of Plassey and the Treaty of Buxar.
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, it marked the first widespread uprising against British rule in India.
Birth of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885
The formation of the INC marked the beginning of organized political resistance against British rule.
Partition of Bengal in 1905
The partition of Bengal sparked widespread protests and highlighted the divisive tactics employed by the colonial rulers.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919
British troops opened fire on a peaceful gathering, galvanizing the Indian freedom movement.
Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920
Under Gandhi's leadership, the movement aimed to boycott British institutions and products, emphasizing non-violence as a tool of resistance.
Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930
Marked by the Salt March, Indians refused to obey certain laws, taxes, and restrictions imposed by the British.
Government of India Act 1935
Granted some degree of autonomy to India and paved the way for constitutional reforms.
World War II
India's involvement in the war had profound implications.
Quit India Movement of 1942
Sought immediate British withdrawal from India during the war.
Indian Independence Act of 1947
Led to the partition of India into two independent nations, India and Pakistan.
What did the Partition of India in 1947 lead to?
The partition of India and Pakistan resulted in one of the largest mass migrations in history and left a lasting impact on the subcontinent's history.
India-China War 1962
A brief but significant conflict over border disputes in the Himalayan region.
Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s
Agricultural innovations that significantly increased food production in India.
Indian Nuclear Program in 1974
Marked India's entry into the group of nuclear-armed nations.
The Emergency in 1975
A period of suspension of civil liberties and political dissent.
Assassination of Indira Gandhi in 1984
Had far-reaching consequences and led to a wave of violence.
Economic Liberalization in 1991
Initiated reforms that set the stage for rapid economic growth.
Rise of Right-wing Politics from the Late 1990s
The rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India.
Kargil War of 1999
Highlighted ongoing tensions between India and Pakistan.
2014 General Election
Witnessed the rise of Narendra Modi and the BJP to power.
Demonetization in 2016
The demonetization of high-denomination currency notes.
Abrogation of Article 370 in 2019
A significant political development in Jammu and Kashmir.
COVID-19 Pandemic
Posed unprecedented challenges to India's healthcare system and economy.
Three main cropping seasons in India
Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid.
Kharif Crops
Crops like rice, sorghum, maize, tea, rubber, coffee, guar, sesame, cotton, oilseeds, etc., are known as ______________.
Rabi Crops
Crops like wheat, oats, barley, pulses, oilseeds, etc., are known as _____________.
Zaid Crops
Seasonal fruits and vegetables like pumpkin, cucumber, bitter gourd,
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