Bio Test 8 Study Guides

What is the definition of evolution?

Change in genetic frequencies

What is the definition of natural selection? (our class definition)

Mechanism of evolution and how it occurs

Which statement does not describe the natural selection example discussed in class (the one about the black and brown mice)?

-Black mice are more likely to survive because they can blend in

-The brown mice die which leads to the black mice only reproducing creating a generation of only black mice

-This is mostly due to predator pressure

According to the video Natural Selection, if there are organisms which are considered the same species, which statement describes one of the things they can do?

They can breed with each other and pass down their DNA to offspring

According to the video Natural Selection, what does fitness mean in the biological sense?

How many offspring an organism has

According to the video Natural Selection, in the video's frog example, why do we see more darker-green frogs over generations instead of light-green frogs?

Due to natural selection and them having a higher chance of survival

According to the video Natural Selection, even if the entire population of frogs within the video example becomes darker-green over time, can the allele for light-green frogs still be present in the population? How?

From crossing over and mutations

According to the video Natural Selection, if there is a positive adaptation that happens to occur to an organism (i.e. our frogs), the babies are also more likely to have high ___________ IF they have the dark green trait (in the frog example). Fill in the blank.

Fitness

What is artificial selection?

Humans pick the genes they want expressed

Fossils provide direct evidence of evolution. How does one make a fossil?

-First organism has to buried in sediment

-calcium in the bone or other hard tissue has to mineralize

-surrounding sediment must eventually harden to form a rock under a great deal of pressure

What is a difference between relative and absolute dating of fossils?

Relative dating: rocks dated by their positions in respect to one another (high layer=new, low layer=old

Absolute dating: looking a radioactive decay of half life's

According to the video SciShow: How to Date a Dead Thing, all carbon-14 molecules are not completely stable and slowly go through beta-decay. What is beta-decay?

When a molecule loses an electron, turns a neutron into a proton, and becomes nitrogen 14

According to the video SciShow: How to Date a Dead Thing, it takes about ___________ years for half of any given sample of carbon-14 to decay into nitrogen-14. Fill in the blank.

5700

According to the video SciShow: How to Date a Dead Thing, why is it beneficial that beta-decay occurs at a fixed rate?

After death there is no new carbon coming in

According to the video SciShow: How to Date a Dead Thing, why is carbon-dating not considered an "exact science" at the moment?

-C14 levels have changed over time with bomb tests etc

-Carbon in the atmosphere is also diluting concentrations of the isotope

What is the definition of a homologous structure?

Structures with different appearances and function that all derive from the same body part in a common ancestor

Anatomical evidence for evolution is extensive and persuasive. How do the presence of homologous structures on certain species support this statement?

-Can be used to determine how closely related species are

-Embryonic development similarities can also show we are similar to some species

What is the definition of a vestigial structure?

A body part or structure that is no longer used by an organism and can be explained as holdover from the past

Which statement describes an example of a vestigial structure?

Appendix, we don't use it

According to the video Molecular Evolution: Genes and Proteins, when scientists compare the entire genome of backer's yeast and a worm, what did they find?

-Genes used by the yeast are primarily those that deal with the core biochemical functions that all organisms must perform, the worm contains most of these same genes

According to the video Molecular Evolution: Genes and Proteins, how can the genome of cytochrome C tell us how organisms are related?

-Genes that produce cytochrome C work for the yeast which too codes for a protein that has been buffeted with sequence mutations over billions of years

-looking at mutations, you can tell if animals are closely related or not by seeing how many amino acids far apart they are

According to the video Molecular Evolution: Genes and Proteins, if there are so many different variations of cytochrome C that will work to create proteins, why do ALL living organisms use the same one?

We inherited the one we use from a common ancestor

According to the video Molecular Evolution: Genes and Proteins, there are two types of transposons, lines and sines which are nucleotides inserted into your genome (can be useful, harmful, or completely silent). What is the only way for them to go from one organism to another?

Direct DNA duplication and inheritance

What is a difference between convergent and divergent evolution?

Convergent species do not come from a common ancestor, divergent do

Which statement describes an example of convergent evolution?

Sharks and porpoises look very similar but are in no way related to one another

Which statement describes an example of divergent evolution?

The finches from Galapagos eventually became 20 different species

Which statement accurately describes the current theories for where life originated on earth four billion years ago?

-That life started as bubbles at the oceans edge

-Under frozen oceans

-Within earth's crust by having a bright product of volcanic activity

-Within clay because of its positive charge

-Deep-sea vents

Which theory is regarded as the most viable (currently) for where and how life originated on Earth? Why?

-Deep sea vents because they have the necessary prebiotic molecules being synthesized

-At deep sea vents archaebacteria is found which is believed to have started life

What is the definition of a mass extinction?

Extremely sharp decline in species diversity

Which of these is not a mass extinction which occurred in the past?

-Cretaceous

-Triassic

-Permian

-Devonian

-Ordovician

The most severe extinction occurred at the end of the ___________ period approximately 250 million years ago (96-98% of all plant and animals went extinct). Fill in the blank.

Permian

We are currently in the sixth mass extinction called the ________________. Fill in the blank.

antropithecine

According to the video Are We Living in the Sixth Extinction, we are currently living in the sixth global extinction of all life on Earth (as named four years ago). Normal documented extinction rates are one mammal extinction every 700 years and one amphibian extinction every 1000 years. What are our current extinction rates for these organisms?

-1000 times more than mammal extinction rates

-45000 times more than amphibian extinction rates

According to the video Are We Living in the Sixth Extinction, how do we know humans are to blame for the most recently named mass extinction?

Because hunting and farming alters ecosystems

According to the video Are We Living in the Sixth Extinction, according to the 2014 peer-reviewed paper by Stuart Pimm in Science (the most prestigious primary journal), the main cause of the current mass extinction is what?

Human population growth and increased consumption

According to the video Are We Living in the Sixth Extinction, why is habitat destruction and climate change such a major problem for most organisms?

Most species have very small ranges to live in

Mutations can change allele frequencies. A typical gene mutates once every ____________ (number) cell divisions. Fill in the blank.

100000

How are mutations and evolution related?

Mutations are the genetic mechanism that allow for evolution to occur

What is the definition of gene flow?

The movement of alleles from one population to another

Why is gene flow important?

It can create more diversity in a species

What is the definition of assortative mating?

When phenotypically similar individuals mate

What does assortative mating result in phenotypically?

Causes more homozygous individuals over time

What is the definition of disassortative mating?

Phenotypically different individuals mate

What does disassortative mating result in phenotypically?

Creates more heterozygous individuals over time

How can genetic drift change the genetic frequencies of a small or large population?

Can change allele frequencies drastically especially in small populations

According to the video Genetic Drift, what is the definition of genetic drift?

Change in allele frequencies due to chance

According to the video Genetic Drift, what is the difference between genetic drift and natural selection?

Genetic drift is random and natural selection is not

According to the video Genetic Drift, which statement explains the bottleneck effect using the forest fire example?

The organisms that survived the forest fire weren't better adapted they were likely in an area where they wouldn't be affected

According to the video Genetic Drift, which statement explains the founder effect?

Organisms that have founded a new area and start a population there do not necessarily represent the original population they came from

How can a bottleneck effect change the alleles of a population?

Can cause a complete change in genetic frequencies of a population

According to the video Speciation, how can natural selection bring about speciation?

Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution and overtime can lead to a new species

According to the video Speciation, which statement accurately describes (a) allopatric speciation or (b) sympatric speciation?

-Allopatric speciation: A separated population that doesn't allow them to interbreed or share the same gene pool, over time there can be change in the separated populations

-Sympatric speciation: Other factors besides being separated geographically that don't allow them to interbreed

-Having different behaviors is an example for not letting them breed

Three conditions exist for natural selection to occur. Which statement does not describe one of these conditions?

-Variation must exist among individuals in a population so certain traits are favored

-Variation among individuals must result in differences in the number of offspring surviving in the next generation

- Variation must be genetically inherited

54. Which is not one of the five agents responsible for evolutionary change?

-Mutations

-Gene flow

-Nonrandom mating

-Genetic drift

-Natural selection

__________ refers to how we place species and higher groups in the taxonomic hierarchy (how species may be grouped based on their phylogenetic relationships). Fill in the blank.

Classification

__________ is the science of classifying organisms at a particular level in a classification system called a taxon. Fill in the blank.

Taxonomy

According to the video Classification, which person gets credit for first creating this taxonomy (classification) system?

Carl Linnaeus

According to the video Classification, which is not a characteristic scientists give to Domain Bacteria?

-No nucleus

-Have DNA

-No membrane- bound organelles

According to the video Classification, which is not characteristics scientists give to Domain Eukarya?

-Have a nucleus

-Have DNA

-Have membrane bound organelles

According to the video Classification, why do we care about scientific names?

The scientific name is specific and recognized regardless of your location

Which statement does not describe the rules to naming an organism scientifically?

-No two organisms can have the same name

-Scientific name from Latin

-Binomial names (two words)

-Must be first word and letter capitalized, second word lowercase

What is the proper order of a taxonomic hierarchy?

- families, orders, class, phylum, kingdom

__________ is the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships. Fill in the blank.

Systematics

__________ is looking at similarities and differences between species, systematics can construct these evolutionary trees. Fill in the blank.

Phylogeny

Which of these organisms are (a) most closely related and (b) least closely related? (I will give a picture of a phylogenetic tree if chosen)

Study pic of tree on PowerPoint (chp 22)

Regarding cladistics, one must distinguish a similarity that is inherited from a common ancestor of an entire group, and is called __________ similarities, from similarities that arose within the group and this is termed __________. Fill in the blanks.

ancestral, derived

Only shared derived characters are considered informative in determining evolutionary relationships for the creation of _____________. Fill in the blank.

cladistics

In order to create a cladogram, one must analyze different _____________ which can be varying phenotypes, morphology, physiology, behavior, and DNA. Fill in the blank.

Characters

What is a cladogram?

Depicts hypothesis of the evolutionary relationships

A derived character shared by clade members is called a _____________. Fill in the blank.

synapomorphy

Which of these organisms are (a) most closely related and (b) least closely related? (I will give a picture of a cladogram if chosen)

Study picture on PowerPoint (chp 22)

Which statement describes the principle of parsimony or how we use it to create cladograms and phylogenetic trees?

-Favoring hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions when there are conflict among characters

-Helps create because it gives the fewest amount of steps

Which of these is not a physical characteristic one uses to classify prokaryotes?

-Different staining (gram + or gram -)

-Are they photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic

-If they are motile or nonmotile (does it move/ have a flagella that helps it move)

-If they are unicellular or colony-forming filamentous

-The formation of spores or division by transverse binary fusion

-The shape (circle, rod, or spiral)

Which of these is not a molecular characteristic one uses to classify prokaryotes?

-Look at the amino acid sequences

-Establish the percentage of guanine and cytosine inside the nucleic bases

-Take the nucleic acid of two different DNAs, unzip them and see if you can put them together, and how many base pairs actually link up

-Look at the ribosomal RNA/ look at how the ribosomes are similar and different

-Do a whole genome sequence

What is the name of the manual used to classify prokaryotes?

Bergey's Manual

There are two kinds of prokaryotes on earth, Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea. Which statement does not describe a difference between these two Domains?

-They do not contain the same lipids

-Archaebacteria is more similar to humans

-The cell wall only contains peptidoglycan if you are something that is bacteria

-Gene translation machinery is different; archaebacteria has similar machinery to us, bacteria uses something different

-Archaebacteria have some introns, regular bacteria does not

What is the purpose of the cell wall of prokaryotes?

To maintain the shape of the cell, to not allow rupture or swelling

What is the definition of the peptidoglycan sometimes found in prokaryotes?

Is going to make it either gram positive or gram negative. If you have a lot of polysaccharides mixed with protein (peptidoglycan) it is going to be gram positive. It is going to be gram negative if you have crazy thin peptidoglycan

What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

Gram-positive: A purple color shows up

Gram-negative: A red color shows up

Which statement describes the function or composition of a bacterial flagellum?

A protein that has a long tail that spins like a propellor to move

Which statement describes the function or composition of bacterial pili?

A hair like structure that attaches to surfaces and conjugates

Know the parts of this prokaryote diagram and be able to label them if this test question is chosen.

In study guide #3

Which statement describes the function or composition of bacterial endospores?

Has a thick wall that is seed like that can keep bacteria inside for centuries

Which statement does not describe the cellular interior of a basic bacterial cell?

Integral membrane- lets you do photosynthesis, cellular respiration, etc.

Nucleoid region- contains the DNA

Ribosomes- smaller than the eukaryotic ones and still makes proteins

Prokaryotes reproduce rapidly, allowing genetic variations to spread quickly through a population. How does this spreading of genetic information occur?

....

Certain factors can increase the likelihood of mutations occurring in bacterial cells. Which statement does not describe one of those factors?

....

What can be the result of a genetic (DNA or plasmid) mutation in a prokaryote?

...

Bacteria have many different forms of obtaining energy (many types of metabolism). ___________ are a type of bacteria which are called cyanobacteria and obtain energy from the sun. Fill in the blank.

Photoautotrophs

Bacteria have many different forms of obtaining energy (many types of metabolism). ___________ are a type of bacteria when can oxidize inorganic substances, like nitrogen-fixing bacteria or hydrogen gas at the bottom of the ocean. Fill in the blank.

Chemoautotrphs

Bacteria have many different forms of obtaining energy (many types of metabolism). __________ are a type of bacteria which are usually purple, nonsulfur bacteria that use light as their source of energy, but obtain carbon from organic molecules, such as carbohydrates or alcohols that have been produced by other organisms. Fill in the blank.

Photoheterotrophs

Bacteria have many different forms of obtaining energy (many types of metabolism). ___________ are a type of bacteria which obtain both carbons atoms and energy from organic molecules and can be organisms such as decomposers and most pathogens. Fill in the blank.

Chemoheterotrophs

Which statement describes bacteria as a plant pathogen?

-Blights

-Soft rots

-Wilts

What are the symptoms of bacterial tuberculosis? (the PowerPoint gives you the answer within the picture)

-Appetite loss

-Fatigue

-Chest pain

-Coughing up blood

-Productive, prolonged coughs

-Night sweats

-Pallor

Which statement describes dental caries or their characteristics?

-Cavities

-Plaque build up

-Caused from sugar diets and energy drinks

-Caused from not brushing or flossing your teeth

How are dental caries prevented in humans?

-Fluoride treatments have been given to try and build up the enamel on the outside

-Not have as much sugar or energy drinks

-Brush and floss teeth daily

Which bacterial species causes gonorrhea and which age group of humans is it most often diagnosed? (look to the graph on the PowerPoint for the answer)

-neisseria gonorrhoeae

-15-24 years old

Gonorrhea is transmitted through sexual intercourse or bodily fluids and it infects the throat, urethra, cervix, or rectum and can spread to the eyes and internal organs causing conjunctivitis and arthritic meningitis. In women it causes pelvic inflammatory disease and the _____________ become scarred and blocked. Fill in the blank.

falupian tubes

Which bacteria causes syphilis?

Treponema pallidum

How can one contract syphilis?

Through sexual intercourse, or passed down from the mother to the fetus

How many stages of syphilis exist?

3 stages exist