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nutrients
substances that provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents to support the growth, maintenance, and repair of the body's tissues
Essential nutrients
must be obtained from foods
The six classes of nutrients include
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
Organic (they contain Carbon)
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins
Inorganic
minerals and water
Energy is measured in
kcalories—a measure of heat energy.
One Kcalorie
One kcalorie is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg water 1-degree C
energy-yielding nutrients
carbohydrate (4 kcal/g), fat (9 kcal/g), and protein (4 kcal/g)
Vitamins, minerals, and water do not...
provide energy, they facilitate a variety of activities in the body
The science of nutrition is
the study of nutrients and other substances in foods and the body's handling of them
Researchers follow...
Scientific method. They randomly assign control and experimental groups, use large sample sizes, provide placebos, and are blind to treatments. Their findings are reviewed and replicated by other scientists before being accepted as valid.
Correlations
indicate an association between variables, not a cause.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
are a set of nutrient intake values used to plan and evaluate diets for healthy people.
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
defines the amount of a nutrient that supports a specific function in the body for half of the population
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
is based on the EAR and establishes a goal for dietary intake that will meet the needs of almost all healthy people
Adequate Intake (AI)
serves a similar purpose when an RDA cannot be determined
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
defines the average amount of energy intake needed to maintain energy balance
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)
define the proportions contributed by carbohydrate, fat, and protein to a healthy diet.
Carbohydrates should consist of
45 to 65 percent of total daily kcalories
Fat
20 to 35 percent of total daily kcalories
Protein
10 to 35 percent of total daily kcalories
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
establishes the highest amount that appears safe for regular consumption.
Malnutrition
an imbalance of energy nutrients, develops when people get too little (undernutrition), too much (overnutrition)
primary deficiency is caused by
an inadequate intake of a nutrient
secondary deficiency is caused by
a condition that reduces absorption, accelerates use, increases excretion, or destroys the nutrient.
Leading Causes of Death in the United States
1. Heart Disease 23.7%
2. Cancers 22.9%
4. Strokes 5.1%
7. Diabetes Mellitus 2.9%
epidemiological studies
Studies of populations that reveal correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence
Nutrition misinformation is often based on
anecdotal evidence
Calorie
a measure of heat energy
Kilocalorie
1000 Calories = 1kcal
1kilocalorie is
the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degrees celsius
About (?) nutrients are currently known to be essential for human beings?
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