Studied by 4 peopleProkaryotic cells
the first organisms on earth, do not contain a nucleus
Eukaryotic
developed from prokaryotes, do have a nucleus
Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
the theory that prokaryotes were engulfed by eukaryotes, and that’s why eukaryotes have mitochondria & chloroplasts
Unicellular
composed of one cell
Multicellular
composed of multiple cells
Cell wall
found in most prokaryotes & plant cells; provides the cell with structural support
Plasma membrane
holds the cell together & is important for deciding which molecules can go in & out of the cell
Nucleus
controls the activities of the cell & stores DNA
Cytoplasm
the liquid that fills the cell
Membrane-bound organelles
internal, enclosed structures that carry out specific jobs within the cell
Selectively permeable
refers to the cell membrane; the cell allows or actively transports certain materials into or out of the cell while not allowing other materials to enter or exit the cell
Phospholipid bilayer
2 layers of lipids that make up majority of the cell membrane & organelle membranes
Amphiatic
term used to describe the phospholipid bilayer; hydrophilic & hydrophobic components
Integral proteins
proteins that run completely through the phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
proteins located on one side if the membrane
Fluid-Mosaic model
the current scientific model of the cell membrane
Nuclear envelope
composed mainly of a double phospholipid bi-layer; encloses DNA
Chromatin phase
when DNA is loose and spread out throughout the nucleus
Chromosome phase
when DNA is tightly coiled around histones
Nucleolus
an area inside the nucleus that is made up of RNA and proteins and is where ribosomes are made
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis; have a large subunit & small subunit
Compartmentalization
the separation of the cell’s interior organelles in distinct compartments
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
a network of small tubes that synthesis's lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
a network of tubes that have ribosomes attached to it & helps with protein synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
a series of flattened membrane sacs that modifies proteins
Lysosomes
digestive organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes and play a role in apoptosis
Vacuoles
an organelle that stores water and waste in cells
Vesicles
surrounds material that needs to be taken in or out of cells
Mitochondria
the site of cellular respiration
Chloroplasts
the site of photosynthesis
Cytoskeleton
a structure that helps support and protect the cell
Passive transport
a type of transport that doesn’t require energy
Osmosis
the movement of water into/out of the cell without the use of energy
Diffusion
the movement of particles into/out of the cell without the use of energy
Tonicity
the ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into/out of a cell by osmosis
Osmolarity
the total concentration of all solutes in a solution
Osmoregulation
the process of regulating the solute and water concentrations of the cell or body
Tugrid (hypotonic)
a condition when there is lots of water in a cell
Flaccid (isotonic)
a condition where this is not very much water in a cell
Plasmolysis (Hypertonic)
a condition where the cell membrane shrivels away because there is a lot of solutes compared to solvent
Facilitated diffusion
a type of passive transport that moves materials from high to low concentration with the help of protein channels
Aquaporins
proteins embedded the cell membrane that allows the movement of a lot of water across the cell membrane
Active transport
the movement of substance from low to high concentration that requires energy
The Na+/K Pump
a system that moves sodium and potassium ions against large concentration gradients
Co-transport
a process in which two substances are simultaneously transported across a membrane by one protein (active transport)
Symport
when both substances are transported in the same direction
Antiport
when the substances are transported in opposite directions
Exocytosis
the process of moving large materials out of the cell by the use of vesicles
Endocytosis
the process of moving large materials into a cell by the use of vesicles
Phagocytosis
a type of endocytosis that transports large, solid particles into the cell
Pinocytosis
a type of endocytosis that transports particles suspended in extracellular fluid
Note
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