APHG Unit 2 Vocab Review

Population distribution

The pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth’s surface

Arable land

Land suitable for cultivation

Carrying capacity

The number of people a particular environment or Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

metacity

A city with more than 20 million residents

megacity

A city with more than 10 million residents

ecumene

The portion of Earth’s surface with permanent human settlement

Population density

The average number of people per unit of land area

Rate of natural increase

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population

Crude birth rate

The average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates

Crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people

Total fertility rate

The average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 49 years of age

Replacement level fertility

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time

Life expectancy

The number of years a person can expect to live from birth

Dependency ratio

The number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 to 64 years) must support

Sex ratio

The ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population

Doubling time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size

Overpopulation

Occurs when the human population exceeds the food supply

Pronatalist policies

Designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth

Anti Natalist policies

Designed to stop population growth by reducing fertility rates

Epidemiological Transition Theory

Seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease

migration

The long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another

Net migration

The difference between the number of in-migrants and out-migrants

Brain Drain

A phenomenon where a country or a place loses young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

Push factors

Factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else

Pull factors

The attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants

refugees

A person who leaves their country because of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, or political opinion

Internally displaced persons

Someone who remains within his or her country’s borders despite being persecuted by their home country

Asylum Seekers

Transhumance

A phenomenon where herders and their livestock move seasonally between their summer and winter pastures

Step Migration

Migration carried out in a series of stages, usually from nearby to bigger and more distant places

Chain Migration

The process by which some people’s migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same place

Guest Workers

A person with temporary permission to work in another country

Intervening Obstacles

A complication that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination

Intervening Opportunities

A nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of going to the intended destination farther away

Thomas Malthus’s Theory

-Population grows exponentially but food production increases linearly

-The world’s rate of population increase is far outrunning the development of supplies

*he was incorrect*

Neo Malthusian Theory

Malthus couldn’t predict how bad it would be b/c poor countries have the most rapid growth

-food production isn’t the only thing being affected by overpopulation (energy, etc)

Critics of Malthus

Say that the world’s food population is expanding, not fixed and that technology will change outcomes

-larger population will stimulate the economy

Arithmetic density (Total population / Total land area)

A general measure of how populated an area is, but doesn't account for the usability of the land

Physiological density (Total population / Arable (farmable) land)

Physiological density measures the number of people per unit area of arable land and indicates how many people a region's agricultural resources must support

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of farmland, which can indicate the level of agricultural efficiency