Unit 7 APWH Vocab (7.5-7.8)

Decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Pan-Arabism

movement in which Arabs sought to unite all Arabs into one state

Indian National Congress (INC)

Major Indian political party; began as leading organization of Indian independence movement

Salt March

passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.

March First Movement

Korean nationalist movement

May Fourth Movement

A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence.

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Authoritarian party that has ruled China from 1949 to the present

Kuomintang

The Chinese Nationalist Party, formed after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912.

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

Palestine

A territory in the Middle East on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Disputed with Israel.

Pakistan

After Gandhi received freedom for the indians, Pakistans, or Sikhs, moved away from the hindu people and started their own country

Amritsar Massacre

killing by British troops of nearly 400 Indians gathered at Amritsar to protest the Rowlatt Acts

Manchukuo

Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

As announced in 1940 by Japan's prime minister, the area extending from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies in which Japan would expand its influence

Zionists

Jews who believed in a country of their own in Palestine

Mahatma

"Great Soul"; title given to Gandhi

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya

Leopold Sedar Senghor

(1906 - 2001) One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

Sudetenland

an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler

Danzig

Because Danzig had a large German population, Hitler claimed it for Germany. After securing Austria and Czechoslovakia, Hitler intensified his campaign against Poland.

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Anschluss

Union of Austria and Germany

Munich Agreement

Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war

Rome-Berlin Axis

the alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler)

Anti-Comintern Pact

treaty between Germany and Japan promising a common front against communism

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

The non-aggression pact was an agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other. This allowed for German victories in the west without worries of the east.

Nazism

Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.

Reichstag

German Parliament

Third Reich

The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Scientific Racism

nineteenth-century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race

Aryans

(in Nazi ideology) white non-Jewish people, especially those of northern European origin or descent typically having blond hair and blue eyes

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Vichy France

Southern Pro-Nazi French; govern themselves as loyal to nazis; traitors to the Free French in N. France

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Siege of Leningrad

German forces surrounded this Russian city, cutting off supplies. About one million people died of starvation and cold weather

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Battle of El Alamein

1942-British victory in WWII that stopped the Axis forces from advancing into Northern Africa

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

Battle of Coral Sea

A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

Battle of Midway Island

A naval and air battle fought in World War II in which planes from American aircraft carriers blunted another assault on Hawaii and did enough damage to halt the Japanese advance. Was a major turning point in the war against Japan.

Guadalcanal

first U.S. land victory over the Japanese, 1943

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Battle of Kursk

German forces are soundly defeated by the Soviets, greatest tank battle of WWII

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Nagasaki

Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945).

V-J Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

Nonaggression Pact

An agreement in which nations promise not to attack one another

Destroyers for Bases Agreement

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Erwin Rommel

"Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler.

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

aircraft carriers

ships that transport aircraft and accommodate the take-off and landing of airplanes

Armistice Day

11am, November 11, 1918 (11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918)

Dresden

German city ferociously firebombed by the Allies from February 13 to 15, 1945

Tokyo

Japan capital

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Final Solution

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

Holocaust

a large-scale destruction, especially by fire; a vast slaughter; a burnt offering

"Asia for the Asiatics"

Japanese slogan during invasion of Southeast Asia

ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

International Criminal Court

A permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity

Bosnia

Southern Slavic nation seeking independence; annexation by Austria-Hungary creates war in the Balkans; housed parade that killed Ferdinand

Rwanda

(1995) African nation that experienced genocide against its Tutsi population, carried out by Hutus.

Darfur

a region in western Sudan where ethnic conflict threatened to lead to genocide

Heinrich Himmler

German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)

Slobodan Milosevic

President of Serbia from 1989 to 1997 and of Yugoslavia 1997 to 2000. A key figure in the ethnic conflicts in the Balkans in the 1900's.

Omar al-Bashir

President of Sudan

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Armenians

Christians in the Ottoman Empire, who faced genocide during World War I.

Tutsis

the main minority group in Rwanda and Burundi

Hutus

the group that forms the majority in Rwanda and Burundi

Firebombing

A bombing technique that destroys a target through the use of fire; instead of a large blast from bombs incendiary devices are used to cause damage. One of many techniques used during WW2 to cause mass murder and destruction

Influenza Epidemic

killed almost 30 million worldwide, spread between military camps and to the urban population, stimulated research for vaccines and antibiotics

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Ghetto

During the middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.

Janjaweed

Sudanese Arab militia responsible for most of the Darfur genocide