Unit 8: Cytology

What is the cell theory?

all living things are composed of cells

What happens when a cell gets too large?

its volume increases faster than surface area

Why is there a limit to how big cells can get?

insufficient surface area

What nutrients go into a cell?

ATP

What waste products come out of a cell?

uric acid

What is the surface area of a cell?

4pir²

What is the volume of a cell?

4/3pir³

What are prokaryotic cells?

no nucleus cells

What are eukaryotic cells?

yes nucleus, complex organelles

What does karyo- mean?

nucleus

What are bacterial cell walls made up of?

plasma

What is the cytoplasm made up of?

water and protien

What shape is the chromosome inside of bacterial cells?

circular

What is the cell membrane?

a semi permeable layer

What does semi-permeable mean?

lets certain things go in and out

What is the bilayer made up of?

phospholipid molecules and proteins

What do all living cells need to be surrounded by?

water

What are embedded in the cell membrane

protein

What are enzymes?

speeds up chemical reactions

What are ions channels?

allows ions to transport through

What are transporter proteins?

active transport needs ATP

What are receptor site proteins?

target for medications, hormones, neurotransmitters

What are recognition site proteins?

white blood cells

What are immunosuppressant drugs?

corticosteroids

What are autoimmune diseases?

type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid, rheumatic heart disease, multiple sclerosis

What is diffusion?

movement of a substance “down its concentration gradient”

What are the four factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

difference in concentration, size of the molecule or substance, lipid soluble versus water soluble substances, temperature