50 and 51 study guide

what is GERD

stomach contents flow back up into the esophagus, contains acid that can irritate and inflame the esophagus lining

s/s of GERD

pain in the chest or upper abdomen, hoarseness or soar throat, dysphagia, dry cough, bad breath, nausea and vomiting

risk factors of GERD

overweight, alcohol or coffee use, pregnancy, and smoking

what care measures are needed for a vomiting person

turn head to one side, place basin under chin, provide oral hygiene, eliminate odors, provide comfort, report observation

diverticular disease

small pouches that develop in the colon

what are the risk factors for diverticular

aging. Obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, low-fiber diet, a diet high in animal fat, and some drugs are risk factors

what is diverticulum

a small pouch on the colon

where is bile stored

gallbladder

where is bile made

liver

what is a gallstone

harden bile

treatment for gallstones

removal of the gallbladder

what are the s/s of a gallbladder attack

nausea, vomiting, and pain in the upper right abdomen, back, or right underarm

what is hepatitis

inflammation and infection of the liver caused by a virus

What safety precautions should be taken for hepatitis

follow Standard Precautions and the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard

what is the cause of hepatitis A

fecal-oral route

how is hepatitis A treated

healthy diet

what is the cause of hepatitis B

spread through contact with the infected person's blood, semen, or other body fluids

what is the cause of hepatitis c

spread through contact with the infected person's blood, semen, or other body fluids

what is different about hepatitis B and C

C has no vaccine

people at risk for hepatitis B

Have lived with a person with hepatitis B., Had sex with a person with hepatitis B. ,Had more than 1 sex partner in the last 6 months. Have been on kidney dialysis.

s/s of hepatitis

Jaundice • Fatigue • Pain: abdominal, joint • Appetite: loss of • Nausea and vomiting • Diarrhea • Bowel movements (BMs): light, clay-colored • Urine: dark • Fever • Itching: severe • Weight loss

what is the most common endocrine disorder

diabetes

what is the cause of type 1 diabetes

the pancreas makes no insulin

who is at risk for type one diabetes

children and young adults

how is type 1 diabetes treated

daily insulin therapy, healthy eating, and exercise

what is the cause of type 2 diabetes

the body does not make enough insulin or use insulin well

who is at risk for type 2 diabetes

45+, family history, overweight, physically inactive

type 2 diabetes treatment

healthy eating, exercise, weight-loss, insulin if need be

gestational diabetes

diabetes developed during pregnancy

s/s of diabetes

 Being very thirsty • Frequent urination • Feeling very hungry or tired • Weight loss without trying • Sores that heal slowly • Dry, itchy skin • Tingling or loss of feeling in the feet • Blurred vision

common complications of diabetes

Heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, eye problems, and nerve damage dental disease and foot problems

What care measures are needed for a diabetic person?

good foot care

What are some ways to help prevent hypo and hyperglycemia

Meal prepping, and checking glucose levels 

what causes UTI’s

Microbes that enter the system through the urethra that causes infection

who is at the greatest risk of UTI’s

women

what is cystitis

 a bladder infection caused by bacteria.

s/s of cystitis

Pelvic pressure and Lower abdominal discomfort

treatment of cystitis

anti-biotics

what is pyelonephritis

inflammation of the kidney

how is pyelonephritis treated

anti-biotics and fluids

what happens to the prostate as a man ages

grows larger

s/s prostate (enlargement?) treatment

benign prostatic hyperplasia bladder function is gradually loss

what is urinary diversion

is a surgically created pathway for urine to leave the body

what is a urostomy

A surgically created opening between a ureter and the abdomen

what care measures are needed for a person with a urostomy

Pouches are changed every 5 to 7 days. A pouch is replaced any time it leaks and good skin care is needed

what is another name for kidney stones

calculi

s/s of kidney stones

Severe, cramping pain in the back and side just below the ribs . • Pain in the lower abdomen, thigh, and urethra • Nausea and vomiting • Fever and chills • Dysuria • Urinary frequency and urgency • Pain or burning on urination • Hematuria • Cloudy urine • Foul-smelling urine

how are kidney stones treated

drugs, increased water intake, medical. Surgical removal of the stone

what is kidney failure

waste product cannot be removed from the blood

what can kidney failure lead to

heart failure an hypertension

what are the causes of chronic kidney failure

Diabetes and hypertension are the most common causes. Other causes include kidney stones, infection, and a blocked urinary tract.

care measures of CKF

A diet low in protein, potassium, and sodium • Fluid restriction • Measuring blood pressure in the supine, sitting, and standing positions • Measuring daily weight • Measuring and recording intake and output • Turning and re-positioning at least every 2 hours • Measures to prevent pressure injuries • Range-of-motion exercises • Measures to prevent itching (bath oils, lotions, creams) • Measures to prevent injury and bleeding • Frequent oral hygiene • Measures to prevent infection

what is dialysis

is the process of removing waste products from the blood

hemodialysis

filters blood through an artificial kidney

peritoneal

dialysis uses the lining of the abdominal cavity to remove waste fluid from the blood

s/s of herpes

painful blisters-like sores

s/s of gonorrhea

discharge (DC) from genitals

s/s of chlamydia

discharge from penis to vagina

s/s trichomonas

thick, foul smelling vaginal discharge

s/s syphilis

painless sore