Human Anatomy, Energy Flow, Pathogens, Nutrition, and Cell Organelles

Question-and-answer flashcards covering the heart and circulatory system, energy flow in ecosystems, types of pathogens, biological macromolecules, and essential cell organelles.

What type of organ is the heart and what is its primary function?

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Which heart chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

The right atrium.

Which blood vessel brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body into the heart?

The superior vena cava.

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart?

The inferior vena cava.

Which heart chamber pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

The right ventricle.

Through which vessel does the right ventricle send blood to the lungs?

The pulmonary artery.

Which blood vessels return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

The pulmonary veins.

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

The left atrium.

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body?

The left ventricle.

Through which major artery does the left ventricle deliver blood to the body?

The aorta.

What is the main role of the nervous system according to the notes?

It controls everything in the body.

Which two body systems work together to deliver oxygen to cells?

The respiratory and circulatory systems.

What does a food chain illustrate?

The path of energy from one living thing to another.

In a food chain, what type of organism makes its own food using sunlight?

A producer.

What is the name for animals that eat producers?

Primary consumers (herbivores).

What level comes after primary consumers in the energy pyramid?

Secondary consumers (omnivores or carnivores).

What are animals that eat other carnivores called?

Tertiary consumers.

What is the main source of energy for almost all ecosystems?

The Sun.

How is a food web different from a food chain?

A food web shows many interconnected food chains.

What group of organisms breaks down dead plants and animals, recycling nutrients?

Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi.

What is a pathogen?

A tiny organism or particle that can make you sick.

What are the three basic steps pathogens follow once inside the body?

They sneak in, multiply, and create chaos (cause disease).

What type of pathogen is a living cell that reproduces rapidly?

Bacteria.

Give two examples of bacterial diseases mentioned in the notes.

Strep throat and food poisoning.

What type of pathogen is a non-living particle that hijacks your cells?

A virus.

Name two viral illnesses listed in the notes.

Flu and COVID-19.

Which kind of pathogen grows on skin or inside the body causing conditions like athlete’s foot?

Fungi.

What is an ectoparasite?

A parasite that causes infection on the outside of the body.

What is an endoparasite?

A parasite that causes infection inside the body.

What are the four major biological macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A monosaccharide.

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

Immediate energy supply and structural support.

What are the monomers that make up lipids?

Glycerol and fatty acids.

What are two main functions of lipids?

Long-term energy storage and body insulation.

What monomers link together to form proteins?

Amino acids.

List two functions of proteins mentioned in the notes.

They aid in cell transport and act as enzymes/build body tissues.

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

Storing and transmitting genetic information.

What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

Dehydration synthesis joins monomers by removing water, while hydrolysis breaks polymers apart by adding water.

What is the main function of the nucleus?

It houses genetic material and controls gene expression.

Why are mitochondria called the “powerhouse” of the cell?

They generate ATP through cellular respiration.

What is cytoplasm and what happens there?

A gel-like substance filling the cell where most metabolic reactions occur.

What distinguishes rough ER from smooth ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and makes lipids/detoxifies.

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Processes, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids from the ER.

Where does protein synthesis occur in a cell?

On ribosomes, either free in the cytoplasm or attached to rough ER.

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

To regulate what enters and leaves the cell, maintaining homeostasis.

In plant cells, what structure outside the membrane provides rigidity and support?

The cell wall.

What is the role of vacuoles/lysosomes according to the notes?

Storing nutrients, waste, and other materials; large vacuoles help maintain turgor pressure in plants.

During cell division, what is the role of centrioles?

They organize spindle fibers and help separate chromosomes.