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lewis bases
nonbonding lone pairs of e- on oxygen atom of hydroxyl group; can complex w/ Bronsted-lowry and lewis acids
alcohol becomes oxonium ion which can then:
undergo elimination or substitution
ease of dehydration of alcohols by E1
3 > 2 »1 — paralleling relative stabilities of carbocations
ionization of oxonium ion in case of primary alcohols produces
unstable 1 degree carbocation so E2 occurs
cyclohexanol undergoes
acid-catalyzed dehydration w/o rearrangement to yield a single product
carboxylic acids characterized
by presence of carboxyl functional group -CO2H
electrophilicity of acyl carbon atom:
increased by presence of other electronegative substituent Z