MUSCLES AND SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES

Normal skeletal muscle appears sonographically as:

Hypoechoic tissue containing linear echogenic strands

A normal tendon on ultrasound typically appears as:

Echogenic with a fibrillated appearance

Which structure normally surrounds a tendon and appears as a thin echogenic layer?

Peritenon

Diffuse tendonitis most commonly appears as:

A thickened hypoechoic tendon

A localized enlarged hypoechoic region within a tendon is most consistent with:

Focal tendonitis

Which Doppler finding may be seen in active tendonitis?

Hyperemic flow within the tendon

Fluid within the synovial sheath surrounding a tendon is most indicative of:

Tendosynovitis

A tendon rupture is most accurately described as:

A tear within the tendon fibers

A partial tendon tear will most commonly appear sonographically as:

Focal hypoechoic area within the tendon

Which additional sonographic finding is commonly seen surrounding a tendon rupture?

Extensive edema and fluid accumulation

Patients with an Achilles tendon rupture commonly present with:

Posterior ankle pain

During the Thompson test, a normal response is:

Foot plantar flexion when the calf is squeezed

During the Thompson test, absence of plantar flexion when the calf is squeezed indicates:

Complete Achilles tendon tear

Breast infection associated with breastfeeding is most specifically called:

Puerperal mastitis

The organisms most commonly responsible for mastitis are:

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

Which clinical symptoms are most commonly associated with mastitis?

Pain, swelling, redness, and warmth

The primary role of ultrasound in patients with suspected mastitis is to:

Determine the presence of a focal abscess

Sonographically, mastitis most commonly appears as:

Ill-defined echogenic areas with diffuse edema

A breast abscess is best described as:

A focal area of pus within the breast

The typical sonographic appearance of a breast abscess is:

Focal complex fluid collection with debris

Compared with mastitis, a patient with a breast abscess is more likely to have:

A palpable, painful lump

Which additional finding may be seen in both mastitis and breast abscess?

Lymph node enlargement

Hypoechoic fluid outlining the fat lobules in the subcutaneous tissue is most suggestive of:

Mastitis with edema

A galactocele is best defined as:

A milk-filled cyst within the breast

A galactocele most commonly develops due to:

Obstruction of the lactiferous ducts or abrupt cessation of breastfeeding

A galactocele is most commonly located:

Near the areola

Patients with a galactocele typically present with:

A palpable breast mass that may be painful

Which sonographic appearance is most characteristic of a galactocele?

Round mass with well-defined borders

A fluid–fluid level within a breast cystic mass during lactation is most suggestive of:

Galactocele

Gynecomastia is best defined as:

Benign enlargement of the male breast tissue

Gynecomastia most commonly occurs during which periods of life?

Just after birth, puberty, and ages 50–80

Gynecomastia most commonly presents clinically as:

A tender, palpable retroareolar mass

On ultrasound, gynecomastia most commonly appears as:

A triangular hypoechoic mass posterior to the areola

Gynecomastia may occur in association with elevated levels of:

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Which condition is commonly associated with gynecomastia?

Klinefelter syndrome

Gynecomastia may also be associated with which tumor type?

Adrenal tumors

Superficial epidermal cysts are most commonly found in which locations?

Scalp, face, neck, trunk, or back

Superficial epidermal cysts most commonly result from:

Obstructed hair follicles

Superficial epidermal cysts may be:

Congenital or the result of trauma

Clinically, a superficial epidermal cyst most commonly presents as:

A palpable mass that raises the skin

When an epidermal cyst becomes infected, the patient may experience:

Pain and oozing of fluid or solid material

A characteristic ultrasound description sometimes used for an epidermal cyst is:

Pseudotestis appearance

A ganglion cyst is most commonly found in which location?

Dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist

Ganglion cysts arise from:

Joints or tendon sheaths

Besides the wrist, ganglion cysts may also be found in the:

Foot and ankle

Large ganglion cysts in the wrist have historically been called:

Bible bumps

On ultrasound, a typical ganglion cyst appears as:

A noncompressible anechoic mass with acoustic enhancement

Which of the following is TRUE regarding ganglion cysts?

They are cystic masses related to joints

Superficial lipomas are most commonly:

Oval and isoechoic to surrounding fat

Which Doppler finding is most likely seen in a superficial hemangioma?

High vascular flow

The typical sonographic appearance of a superficial hemangioma is:

Hypoechoic

A meniscus is best described as:

Fibrocartilaginous tissue between joint surfaces

Meniscal cysts most commonly develop due to:

Fluid collection after a meniscal tear

A Baker cyst is located in the:

Popliteal fossa

Baker cysts result from:

Accumulation of synovial fluid from joint capsule weakness

Which condition can a Baker cyst clinically mimic?

Deep venous thrombosis

Sonographically, a typical Baker cyst appears as:

Anechoic mass with posterior enhancement

A pilonidal cyst is most commonly located in the:

Natal (intergluteal) cleft

Sonographically, a pilonidal cyst appears as:

Complex mass with hypoechoic tract to the skin

Cellulitis is best described as:

Infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue

The most common organisms causing cellulitis are:

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

Sonographically, cellulitis appears as:

Hypoechoic edematous strands in soft tissue

The typical sonographic appearance of melanoma is:

Hypoechoic vascular solid mass

Melanoma most commonly metastasizes to:

Subcutaneous fat

Most foreign bodies appear on ultrasound as:

Hyperechoic structures with shadowing

Metallic foreign bodies such as bullets or shrapnel may produce:

Comet-tail artifact

Inflammation surrounding a foreign body appears as:

Hypoechoic area around the object

Air at the site of a foreign body may cause: