L7-Reading & Spelling

What are considered secondary language skills?

Reading, writing, and spelling.

What primary skills do reading, writing, and spelling develop from?

Primary oral language skills such as speaking and listening.

What is the first step in the reading process?

Recognizing visual print.

In spelling, what is the process that occurs?

Converting spoken language into written print.

What cognitive skills are essential for reading development?

Vocabulary knowledge, phonological skills, decoding ability, and reading comprehension.

How are reading accuracy and comprehension related during early reading development?

They are positively related; as word recognition becomes automatic, more cognitive resources are available for comprehension.

What does phonological awareness refer to?

The ability to recognize and manipulate sounds in words.

What is the relationship between reading and spelling skills?

Practice in reading improves spelling ability, and practice in spelling improves reading performance.

What are the key models of reading and spelling development?

The Dual Route Cascaded Model, Frith Stage Model, Ehri Phase Model, and Gentry's Spelling Model.

What does the Dual Route Cascaded Model propose?

Reading occurs through multiple processing routes operating simultaneously.

What is the lexical-semantic route in the DRC Model?

It recognizes whole words and accesses their meanings directly.

What is surface dyslexia?

Difficulty reading irregular words, relying too heavily on grapheme-phoneme conversion.

What is phonological dyslexia?

Difficulty reading non-words or unfamiliar words due to problems with phonological processing.

What is the role of vocabulary knowledge in reading?

It allows readers to understand the meaning of words.

What is the significance of morphological knowledge in reading?

It helps readers understand word forms such as play, plays, and playing.

What is the process of early reading according to the DRC Model?

It involves word recognition and decoding, converting graphemes into phonemes.

What strategies do readers use to predict words?

They use grapho-phonemic and semantic context.

What is the importance of grapheme-phoneme correspondences in reading?

They are essential for decoding sounds.

How does writing represent language?

Through symbols that represent language units such as sounds or words.

What challenges do children face when learning to spell?

Understanding the relationship between letters and sounds, and distinguishing between similar letters.

How can practice in reading and spelling lead to skill transfer?

Practicing specific words can enhance both reading and spelling abilities.

What does reading comprehension allow readers to do?

Construct meaning from text.

What is the role of analogy strategies in reading?

They help readers compare unfamiliar words to known words.

What is the significance of general reading skills?

They are essential for effective reading and comprehension.

What is the relationship between decoding and comprehension in reading ability?

Both processes are necessary; weak decoding or comprehension reduces overall reading ability.

What do phonological and orthographic lexicons allow readers to do?

They allow faster word recognition.

What is a criticism of the Dual Route Cascaded (DRC) Model?

It does not clearly explain how the different reading routes develop.

What does the Frith Stage Model propose?

Literacy development occurs through sequential stages influenced by environmental factors.

What is a critique of the Frith Stage Model?

It does not clearly explain the mechanisms that cause transitions between stages.

What is the focus of Ehri's Phase Model?

The role of grapheme-phoneme connections in reading development.

What is a criticism of Ehri's Phase Model?

It does not clearly define what occurs during the pre-alphabetic phase.

What are the five stages of Gentry's Spelling Model?

1. Precommunicative stage 2. Semiphonetic stage 3. Phonetic stage 4. Transitional stage 5. Correct stage

What characterizes the Precommunicative stage in Gentry's model?

Children produce random letters without clear sound-letter correspondence.

What is the Semiphonetic stage in Gentry's model?

Children begin representing some sounds using letters.

What happens during the Phonetic stage in Gentry's model?

Children attempt to represent all sounds in words, although spellings may still be incorrect.

What is the Transitional stage in Gentry's spelling development?

Spelling becomes more accurate as children learn orthographic patterns.

What is the Correct stage in Gentry's model?

Children produce conventional spellings, such as correctly spelling words like 'eagle.'

What systems are involved in language processing?

Phonological lexicon, semantic lexicon, speech input, acoustic analysis, phonological buffers, speech output, visual analysis, orthographic lexicons, and grapheme-phoneme conversion mechanisms.

What did research by Vellutino & Scanlon (1987) find about phonemic segmentation?

Phonemic segmentation ability was the best predictor of future reading performance.

What was the outcome of phonological training interventions in children?

Both good and poor readers showed improvements in word identification and decoding ability.

How does phonological awareness contribute to reading ability?

Phonological awareness predicts reading skills more strongly than rime awareness or verbal short-term memory.

What is the difference between transparent and opaque orthographies?

Transparent orthographies have consistent letter-sound relationships, while opaque orthographies do not.

What did the cross-language study by Ziegler et al. (2010) find?

Phonological awareness predicted reading speed, accuracy, and decoding ability across all languages.

Why does orthographic transparency matter for reading development?

In transparent languages, children gain early access to phonemes due to consistent spelling-sound relationships.

What is the impact of opaque languages on reading skills?

Access to phonemes is less consistent, which slows the development of reading skills and phonological awareness.