IB psych sociocultural

Social identity theory

theory of intergroup conflict that explains why conflict and discrimination occur

Minimal group paradigm

experimental procedure where trivial group differences are created artificially to investigate the effects of social categorization in intergroup discrimination

In group favoritism

behavior that is biased towards the benefits of the in group

Out group discrimination

behavior that creates disadvantages for the out

Social categorization

cognitive process of categorizing people into in groups and out groups

Social Comparison

process of comparing in to out groups (us vs them)

Social identity

The part of self concept that is based upon group membership

Tajfel I

investigates social categorization; clusters of dots/under and over estimation impacted group membership; distributing awards (real money) to others; in group favoritism and out group discrimination shown

Tajfel II

Participants were asked to choose favorites of abstract paintings; split randomly (supposedly by preference); reward distribution measured extra factors

Social Cognitive theory

Target 2

Human agency

the belief that people are the agents of their own behavior

Observational learning

learning that occurs as a result of viewing others perform actions as well as noticing the consequences of those actions

Reciprocal determinism

humans’ thoughts, beliefs, and actions affect and are affected by environment

Self efficacy

the extent to which individuals believe that they can master a particular behavior

Factors affecting SCT

attention—— selective observation of modeled activities 

retention—— transforming and storing this information in memory

motor reproduction—— ability to perform the observed behavior 

motivation—— propels learner to do other factors; learner must want to demonstrate what they have learned  

Bandura

children modeling aggressiveness; same sex vs opposite sex model; Bobo Doll

Huessmann et al

TV violence and aggressive behavior; longitudinal meta analysis

Stereotypes

Target 3

Stereotype

a preconceived notion about a group of people; makes generalizations about the entire group

Self fulfilling prophecy

a change in an individual’s behavior as a result of other’s expectations about this individual

Illusory correlation

a cognitive mechanism that leads a person to perceive a relationship between two events that are actually not related; formation of stereotypes

Stereotype threat

anticipation of a situation that can potentially confirm a negative stereotype about a group; maintenance of stereotypes

Hamilton and Gifford

illusory correlation; desirable and undesirable behaviors for groups A and B; B was minority; overestimating undesirable in group B

Steele and Aronson

stereotype threat; black and white participants took test; some told it measured intelligence; black participants did worse when told it measured intelligence

Compliance

Target 4

Compliance

the result of direct pressure to respond to a request

Factors influencing compliance

• authority—— people comply more often with those in positions of power

• commitment—— once people have agreed to something., they are likely to comply with similar requests 

• liking—— people comply with requests from people they like

• reciprocity—— people often feel the need to “return the favor”

• scarcity—— opportunities seem more valuable to people when they are less readily available 

• social proof—— people view a behavior as correct if they see others performing it

Door in the face technique

when a request is made which will surely be turned down, and then a second request which asks less of someone is asked; people are more likely to accept the second request because they feel the person has already lowered the request in order to accommodate them

Foot in the door technique

getting people to agree to something small, with the hopes of persuading them to agree to something larger

Low balling

getting people to agree to a very vague task and then later adding details

Cialdini (door in the face)

uni students asked to work with juvenile delinquents; one group told it’d be day trip; other group it was big commitment and then switched to small; less said no after follow up

Dickerson et al (foot in the door)

conserving water in dorm showers; started with signing poster, then students asked to do a survey that made them think about water usage; poster signers had shorter showers

Cialdini (low balling)

psych students asked to volunteer for study at 7am; other group asked same but was not told time; more in 2nd group did not back out

Cultural dimensions

Target 5

Cultural dimensions

general factors underlying cross cultural differences in values and behaviors

Emic

examining a specific culture from within; in depth understanding of unique culture

Etic

studying culture from an outside perspective; enables cross cultural comparison

Collectivism

from birth onward people are integrated into strong, cohesive in groups, often extended families

Individualism

Ties between everyone are loose. Everyone is expected to look after themself and their immediate family

Berry and Katz

conformity; Tenm (collectivists) vs Inuit (individualist); group agreement

Finkelstein et al

volunteer behavior; questionnaires; collectivism vs individualism for altruistic behaviors

Enculturation

Target 6

Enculturation

the process by which people learn the necessary and appropriate norms in the context of their culture

Cultural norms

the unique set of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors specific to a particular culture

Cultural transmission

passing cultural norms from one generation to the next

Odden and Rochat

observational learning in non western cultures; Samoan village life; interviews and parent questionnaires; observational learning more common than direct teaching

Demorest et al

enculturation influence on cognition; USA and Turkey participants listened to music and did recognition tests; unfamiliar and familiar languages

Acculturation

Target 7

Acculturation

internalizing the norms of the dominant culture where one as migrated

Acculturation strategies

• integration—— individuals preserve their original values and beliefs, but also explore relationships with other cultures

• assimilation—— individuals are open to change and not concerned about the loss of connection with their original culture

• separation—— individuals value their original culture, are afraid of losing it, and, as a result, actively avoid contact with other cultures

• marginalization—— individual do not maintain their original culture, but neither do they seek contact with other cultures 

Shah et al

acculturation and obesity; South Asian migrants in UAE; BMI became higher longer they were in UAE

Ishizawa and Jones

obesity in Asian immigrants in USA: 2nd and 3rd generation; correlational; higher likelihood in those generations; there were protecting factors against obesity

Globalization

HL extension

Globalization

the increasing interconnectedness of people worldwide through the growth of international exchange; driven primarily by economic factors but has vast social, cultural, and psychological consequences

How globalization may influence behavior

could change the way people behave, making it more cosmopolitan (with less identification with group of origin); could trigger reactionary movements where people are more protective of local interests

Effects of interaction of global and local influences on behavior

dependent on predominant acculturation strategy of the area; acculturation strategy formed by interaction of global/local influences

Methods used to study influence of globalization on behavior

correlational research, cross cultural comparisons (these make it difficult to isolate effects of globalization when depending on self report)

Buchan

impact of globalization on cooperation strategies; subjects from 6 countries given 10 tokens to distribute globally (3x payback), locally (2x payback), or personally (equal payback); those with higher =globalization scores more likely to cooperate globally

Shah et al (globalization)

Same as other

Adams

would cultural values of Canadians assimilate to US; cultural values at 3 points looked at; cultural value profiles did not converge; in some cases differences became larger