BIOETHICS CHAP 11 pt.1

sexual intercourse or coitus

The expression of the conjugal will of a man and a woman to parenthood is commonly called ___

Contraception

is defined as the voluntary prevention of conception by the positive use of artificial means that hinder the generative cells from uniting during the sexual act

Family planning and planned or responsible parenthood

refers to the act when a couple decides to use certain contraceptive methods to plan the size of their family and the spacing of their children.

contraception

refers to the prevention of conception, rather than the prevention of birth

sterilization

 is also a form of contraception insofar as its purpose is the prevention of conception.

sterilization

It is the method of cutting off the sexual capacity of a man or a woman.

Sterilization

is defined as the mutilation of sexual power in a man or a woman to render conception impossible

Sterilization

permits coitus but hinders conception.

voluntary or involuntary

As to decision or volition, sterilization may be either:

Voluntary sterilization

is that in which a person wills and requests that the procedure be done on himself/herself.

Involuntary or compulsory sterilization

is that which is done by the order of a public authority of a state

therapeutic, contraceptive, eugenic and social, or punitive

As to purpose or ends, sterilization is either:

Therapeutic sterilization

means the removal of a reproductive organ, or a portion thereof, to save one's life or to promote bodily integrity.

principle of totality

 Therapeutic sterilization is governed by ____

principle of totality

which declares that an individual has a right to dispose of his/her organs or to destroy their capacity to function only to the extent that the general well-being of the whole body demands it

Contraceptive sterilization

 is the intentional prevention of conception through sterilization.

1. a serious illness of either a husband or wife, who may, for example, be tuberculars, epileptics, syphilitics, and lepers.

2. the probability of genetic abnormality.

3. a severe financial burden

4. childbearing puts one's health in danger.

Advocates of contraceptive sterilization cite the following justifications:

Eugenic and social sterilization

are performed to hinder the conception of undesirable and physically or mentally unfit offspring.

Eugenic and social sterilization

This is a sort of social engineering, which is the act of designing a society that is free from individuals afflicted with social diseases or grave, mental defects, such as lepers, idiots, imbeciles, morons, and insane persons.

Punitive sterilization

is done as a punishment for a crime or antisocial behavior, particularly rape and other sex-related offenses.

Punitive sterilization

This is compulsory or involuntary sterilization.

Punitive sterilization

The sterilization is not direct since the primary and intended effect is punishment, and the contraceptive effect, therefore, is indirect or secondary.

1. Parenthood and birth are matters of moral responsibility and intelligent choice.

2. An individual should be the one to determine his/her fertility and control his/her fecundity.

3. One should be able to decide how many children he/she is able to bear and support.

4. Contraceptive technology makes men and women persons of will and decision and not merely inert and powerless bodies subject to church proscriptions or divine will.

5. Contraception can prevent the transmission of recessive disorders or genetically linked diseases.

Proponents of family planning present the following reasons to justify contraception:

Parenthood

seeks to promote the conditions for the maximum enjoyment of a good and happy life, anchored on the right of the individual to the growth of sound mind and body, to health and work, and to affirm dignity.

Birth

means the responsible use of procreation.

• folk methods

• mechanical methods

• chemical methods

• hormonal methods

• abortifacients

• surgical methods

• natural or behavioral methods

Methods of Contraception or Family Planning can be classified into:

Folk methods

These methods have long been used for contraceptive purposes by common people, hence, the use of the name.

1.  Precoital or Postcoital douche

2. Prolonged lactation

3. Withdrawal

Folk methods include:

Vinegar and brine

____ are prescribed as precoital douches

Vinegar and brine

Both substances are highly spermicidal; however, some people experience a burning sensation in the sensitive membranes of the genitals.

postcoital douching

others prefer ____, which is believed to flush out and immobilize the sperm in the vagina.

Precoital or Postcoital douche

Some people use this in emergency situations, such as when a condom breaks; however, it is not a reliable method to prevent conception.

warm Coca-Cola

what method: "The woman holds her thumb over the open bottle, shakes the contents vigorously, inserts the neck of the bottle in the vagina, removes her finger, and allows the gaseous contents to erupt inside the body"

Prolonged lactation

 For this technique, one does not need to prepare any medicated solution, and it costs nothing

Withdrawal or coitus interruptus

One of the most frequently used methods of contraception throughout history-even among fairly well-educated societies, where more sophisticated methods are available is ___

Withdrawal

method where the male withdraws his penis from the vagina immediately before ejaculation; hence, coitus is interrupted just prior to orgasm, and the male ejaculates outside the female's organ.

coitus reservatus

A method similar to withdrawal is called ___

coitus reservatus

where the male withholds ejaculation just before orgasm and allows the erection to subside gradually; hence, coitus is reserved or kept in reservation.

coitus reservatus

This practice may lead to the congestion of the prostate gland and seminal ducts, which could create some complications in the long run.

Mechanical methods

these are methods that act as barriers to block the sperm from entering the uterus, thus, preventing conception

1. Condom

2. Diaphragm

3. Sponge

Mechanical methods include:

Condom

Popularly known as "the rubber”

Condom

is a sheath of latex rubber that is put on the penis during intercourse to prevent the sperm from entering the vagina.

condom

It is often advisable to put a little lubricant, such as K-Y surgical jelly or spermicidal jelly, on the outside of the ___; otherwise, lack of sensation may result.

condom

___ not only prevent conception but also provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea and AIDS.

Diaphragm

A dome-shaped latex rubber membrane

Diaphragm

____ is placed in the vagina to close the opening of the cervix to prevent the entrance of the sperm

cervical cap or intracervical pessary

Diaphragm is also called

creams and jellies

 Shortly before insertion, ____ are applied to the diaphragm for added protection

six hours

The diaphragm is removed how many hours after sexual intercourse.

Sponge

Another variation of the diaphragm is ____

Sponge

 It is a circular object with a string attached for easy removal.

Contraceptive jellies or a weak solution of vinegar

_____ is applied on the sponge before it is inserted in the vagina