Brain/Behavior

The dorsal stream projects to the:

parietal lobe

Cutting the optic nerve of the right eye prior to reaching the optic chiasm will result in loss of vision in:

half of each visual field

The auditory receptors are on:

the basilar membrane

Cells in the dorsal stream are sensitive to:

anesthetics and movement.

Broca's area is located in the:

frontal lobe

What helps stabilize pH and temperature?

circulatory system

What is the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron?

dendrite, nucleus, axon hillock, axon

What controls cardiac muscle and glands?

the autonomic nervous system

What increases arousal and readies parts of the brain to activate?

the pons

What regulates movement, balance, and coordination?

cerebellum

What provides structural support?

astrocytes

What sends messages via action potentials?

neurons

What detects infection or injury?

microglia

A neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft by

surrounding glial cells, diffusion, and enzymatic degradation

Type II synapses are _____

inhibitory

The notion that opposites attract is an analogy that describes:

a voltage gradient

Which of the following represents the normal order of activation in neuronal transmission?

dendrite

Opening a chloride channel will neutralize an EPSP.

true

Compared to chemical synapses, electrical synapses:

transmit messages faster

The sympathetic nervous system uses _____________ to communicate

norepinephrine

The sequence of brain development?

cell birth, cell migration, cell differentiation, cell maturation

What contributes to chemical neurotransmission by supplying the building blocks for neurotransmitters or by cleaning up excess neurotransmitters.

glial cells

One synapse between sensory input and movement is called:

Monosynaptic Reflex

What tells us about when a sensory event occurs?

somatosensory receptors

Nociception receptors help with the perception of all of the following except

location of the body

___________ are responsive to movement force, orientation, and direction

multimodal neurons

Signals from motor cortex to the spinal cord are transmitted via cortical layer(s):

5 to 6

The ______ controls limbs and digits

lateral corticospinal tract

Patients with Huntington's and Tourette's display _______symptoms

hyperkinetic

The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the ________, which stimulates the production of __________ from the __________ gland.

suprachiasmatic nucelus; melatonin; pineal

What type of hormone maintains a state of internal metabolic balance and regulates physiological systems in an organism.

Homeostatic

Damage to portions of the limbic cortex would alter

emotions

Impulsive behavior and poor decision are symptoms of what damage?

prefrontal

The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis via connections with :

the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system

Pheromones are detected by

the vomeronasal organ

A patient has difficulty in copying movements, cannot read, shows deficits in fine movement and has difficulty generating the names of objects or animals. Where is this lesion?

left parietal lobe

neurons that combine different sources of sensory information are:

complex neurons

the creation of novel sequences of thoughts is the function of:

frontal lobes

the ______ is critical for object recognition

ventral stream

explicit memory is to implicit memory as

conscious is to unconscious

the inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage

anterograde amnesia

Fear conditioning is controlled by the ______

amygdala

which neurotransmitter is needed to activate NMDA and AMPA receptors?

glutamate

what is not part of the neural circuit for emotional memories?

cerebellum

prolonged exposure to the hormones called glucocorticoids will

kill cells in the hippocampus

Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addictive drugs?

dopamine

In regards to neurotransmitters that drugs effect, cocaine is to _____ as nicotine is to _______

dopamine, acetylcholine

What can perceive sensations from the skin and muscles and produce movements independent of the brain

spinal cord

What integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex

diencephalon

What coordinates fine motor movements and various cognitive functions

cerebellum

What are the functions of the forebrain?

regulates cognitive activity, including thought and memory, and holds ultimate control over movement (behavior)

What sets of SNS receive sensory information or send motor signals to muscles or both

cranial nerves; spinal (peripheral) nerves

the ANS interacts with the CNS and SNS via sets of autonomic control centers called ________, which act as mini brains to control the internal organs.

ganglia

What system is called the "second brain"

ENS

the two classes of nervous system cells are _______, which in humans number around _______, and _________, which in humans number about _______ reflecting the typical ration

neurons; 86 billion; glia; 87 billion

The basic sequence of events in building a protein is that ________ makes ________ makes _______

DNA, RNA, protein

Each of our __________ chromosome pairs contains thousands of genes, and each gene contains the code for one ______.

23, protein

______ is an epigenetic mechanism that either enables or blocks transcription

gene methylation/DNA methylation

_______ was the first to seriously attempt to explain how info travels through the nervous system

Rene Descartes

In mammals, the principal form of communication between neuron occurs through ______

chemical synapses

What is between axon terminals and other synapses?

axosynaptic

What is between axon terminals and other axons?

axoaxonic

What is between axon terminals and muscles?

axomuscular

What is between axon terminals and cell bodies?

axosomatic

What is between axon terminals and dendrites?

axodendritic

What connects dendrites to other dendrites

dendrodendritic

What releases transmitter into the bloodstream as hormones

axosecretory

What releases chemical transmitters into extracellular fluid

axoextracellular

Excitatory synapses are located on

dendrite

inhibitory synapses are located on

cell body or somatosensory

The main activating systems in the CNS are:

cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic

Experience alters the _______, the site of the neural basis of _______, a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

synapse, learning

Aplysia's synaptic function mediates the basic forms of learning:

habituation, sensitization

Changes that accompany habituation take place within the ______ of the sensory neuron, mediated by calcium channels that grow less sensitive with use

presynaptic axon terminal

Structural brain development is correlated with the emergence of

behavior

Behavioral development predicts the maturation of:

neural circuits

Factors that influence brain functions are:

hormones, sensory experience, injuries, genes

The central nervous system begins as a sheet of cells, which folds inward to form the ______

neural tube

Growth cones are responsive to what types of cues:

cell adhesion molecules, tropic factors

The adolescent period is characterized by what ongoing processes of brain maturation?

myelination, synaptic pruning

what is the significance of the prolonged development of the frontal lobe?

the development of intelligence

subnormal visual stimulation to one eye during early development can lead to a loss of acuity, known as ______

amblyopia

why do so many mental disorders appear during adolescence?

it is a time of rapid brain change related to pubertal hormones and psycho

______ are energy filters that transduce incoming physical energy into neural activity

sensory receptors

______ fields locate sensory events.

receptive

What is the subjective experience of sensation?

perception

how is the anatomical organization similar for each sense?

each modality has many receptors and sends information to the cortex to form topographic maps

neurons that project into the brain from the retina and form the optic nerve are called:

retinal ganglion cells

______ retinal ganglion cells receive input mostly from cones and carry information about color and fine detail

(P) parvocellular

______ retinal ganglion cells receive input mostly from rods and carry information about light but not color.

(M) magnocellular

the major pathways from the retina into the brain are _______ and ________

geniculostriate, tectopulvinar

What processes the visual guidance of movements

the dorsal stream to the parietal lobe

What processes the visual perception of objects.

the ventral stream to the temporal lobe

list the cells that have visual receptive fields:

photoreceptors, retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate neurons, cortical neurons

inputs to different parts of cortical region V1 from different parts of the retina essentially form a ______ of the visual world within the brain

topographic map

the two sides of the visual world are bound together as one perception by the _____

corpus callosum

recognition of complex visual stimuli such as faces is completed in the _____

temporal lobe

retinal ganglion cells mediate color vision by ______ processes

opponent

small lesions of V1 produce small blind spots called:

scotomas

the effect of severe deficits in visually guided reaching is called:

optic ataxia