BIOC 503 - Foundations Lecture

living organisms

• high degree of complexity and organization

• extraction, transformation, systematic use of energy to create and maintain structures and to do work

• dynamics and coordinated interactions of individual components

• ability to sense and respond to changes in surroundings

• a capacity for fairly precise self-replication while allowing enough change for evolution

3 domains of life

• bacteria

• archaea

• eukaryotes

Complexity

___ increases exponentially as you go further down evolution, with eukaryote being the most recent and more complex domain, more closely related to archaea, and then the simplest domain being bacteria

prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea are both __

thermophiles

Archaea are mostly ___

common ancestor

all 3 domains of life share a ___

six kingdoms of life

• Archaea (unicellular prokaryote)

• Bacteria (unicellular prokaryote)

• Protista (unicellular eukaryote)'

• Fungi (uni- or multicellular eukaryote)

• Plantae (Multicellular eukaryote)

• Animalia (Multicellular eukaryote)

membrane-bound organelles

eukaryotes have them while bacteria and archaea do not

nucleoid

The genetic information of bacterial cells are not encapsuled nor organized but free floating in the cytoplasm forming a region called the ___

common features all cells share

• cytoplasm (extremely dense fluid)

• plasma membrane

• ribosome

• genetic material

cytosol

portion of the cytoplasm that remains in the supernatant after gentle breakage of the plasma membrane and centrifugation of the resulting extract at 150,000 g for 1 hour.

eukaryotic complexity

• membrane bound nucleus

• membrane enclosed organelles

• compartmental segregation of energy yielding and energy consuming reactions helps cells to maintain homeostasis and stay away from equilibrium.

protect, specific

membrane-bound nucleus ___ the DNA and creates a site ___ for DNA metabolism and has nuclear pores for selective import/export. It also means that transcription and translation CANNOT be coupled like they are in prokaryotes.

scaffold

prokaryotes have mainly ___ proteins

histone

eukaryotes have mainly __ proteins

cytoskeleton

provides structure and allows for organelles and entire cell movements

made out of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

cellular hierarchy

monomeric units < macromolecules < supramolecular complex < organelles < cells

bulk elements

necessary for cell structural components and tissues

• carbon

• hydrogen

• oxygen

• nitrogen

• phosphorus

• sulfur

trace elements

elements for which the body has much smaller requirements

• copper

• zinc

• iron

• magnesium

• manganese

• cobalt

• etc.

alkane

carbon single bond

alkene

carbon double bond (no rotation about that bond)

alkyne

carbon triple bond (no rotation about that bond)

physical

stereoisomers have different ___ properties

physical, chemical

geometric isomers (cis vs trans) have different ___AND ___ properties

enantiomers

chemicals that are mirror images of each other and have identical physical properties (except in regard to polarized light) and react identically with achiral reagents

diastereomers

non-mirror image, non-identical stereoisomers having different chemical and physical properties

cis

functional groups are on the same side on the bound

trans

functional groups are on opposite sides of the bond

specific

interactions between biomolecules are __ and need a complementary fit between a macromolecule and a small molecule

how to speed up rxn

• higher temperatures (macromolecule stability limiting)

• higher [reagents] (costly)

• coupling reaction to faster one (usually ATP hydrolysis)

• lowering activation energy barrier

spontaneity

change in Gibbs free energy and equilibrium measure the ___ of a reaction

endergonic

rxn requiring energy

synthesis of complex molecules and many other metabolic rxns

delta G>0

unfavorable

exergonic

rxn releases energy

breakdown of some metabolites

favorable

delta G<0

coupling

chemical ___ of unfavorable and favorable rxns allows otherwise unfavorable rxns to happen

biocatalyst

RNA can act both as the messenger and the ___

central dogma

DNA>mRNA>unfolded protein chain>folded, functional protein