Unit 2 AICE US History Vanalstyne

Aboltionist

One who supports freedom from slavery

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Know Nothings

the American party, formed in July of 1854. It was a secret, and so those who were questioned, answered I know nothing. In the 1850s, there were a large group.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Annex

to add or attach

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

blunderer

Believed that the war was caused by a blundering generation of politicians who sleepwalked into war. The politicians on both sides made mistakes, they didn't intend to start a war but their actions incited one anyways.

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

Charles Grandison Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks

(FP) , Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Confederacy (Confederate States of America)

the nation formed by the southern states when they seceded from the Union

Congress

the legislature of the United States government

Constitutional Union Party

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Robert Hayne

Believed that states should have more rights. He was from South Carolina. He debated Daniel Webster about the doctrine of states rights.

David Wilmot/Wilmot Proviso

Congressman who proposed the amendment that would have outlawed slavery from Mexican territories

Democrats split

Split between Democratic Party's Conservative and Progressive Members

Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Election of 1860

Lincoln became president

Election of 1856

Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce (Democrat) vs Winfield Scott (Whig); Pierce won landslide

Election of 1848

Lewis Cass (Democrat who support popular sovereignty) vs. Zachary Taylor (Whig party); Taylor won

Election of 1844

Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system.

Election of 1836

Harrison (Whig) defeated by Van Buren (Democrat)

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

the inventor of the cotton separating machine and the first to use the system of interchangeable parts. Used to cleaned cotton of its seed. It fastened slavery to the south. Apparently he was ironic because he invented something that helped slavery but also something that helped industrialism which helped end slavery by starting the civil war.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Federal vs. State

-U.S. Constitution: To promote the general welfare

-Reserve clause: Since health is not mentioned in the Constitution, primary responsibility belongs to the states

-Interstate commerce clause justifies federal role in some cases

-Power to tax and spend is widely used by federal government to control public health policy

"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the Oregon territory

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)

Democratic

Domestic Affairs:

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Bleeding Kansas

Foreign Affairs:

Gadsen Purchase

Attempt to secure Cuba-Ostend Manifesto

William Walker Nicaraguan dictatorship

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery but truly only to benefit white farmers

Free Trade

international trade free of government interference

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

Fugitive Slave Act 1793

Made it a federal crime to assist an escaping slave, and established the legal mechanism in which a slave could be legally returned to their owners.

Fugitive Slave Act

(1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Gadsen Purchase

strip of land in present day Arizona and New Mexico for which the United States paid Mexico $10 million in 1853.

Gang System

The organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations.

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.

Gradualism

Those who want to end slavery but not as soon as possible

Haden Edwards and the Fredonian Rebellion

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged