APUSH Test

Lend-Lease Act

Lend-Lease Act

• January 10th, 1941

• Britain is already in conflict with Germany

• US looking for way to continue supporting Britain without getting involved in the war

  • FDR creates act that says that the US can led or lease supplies and things to other countries if it is deemed that helping those countries will also defend the US

Four Freedoms

• January 6th, 1941

• FDR makes speech about freedoms

  • Freedom of religion, conscience, from fear, and from want

• Made speech to address why the US was joining the war, that it was essential to help Britain in order to obtain and have these four freedoms worldwide

Atlantic Charter

• August 1941

• Agreement made by Churchill and FDR that expanded on the lend/lease act of the US

• Basically pledged that once the Nazis were defeated, they would promote self determination of all people, economic cooperation, freedom of the seas, and form new system of international security → United Nations

• More nations signed, including Soviet Union

Pearl Harbor

• October 16th, 1941

• Japanese attack Pearl Harbor after US refuses to end its embargo on Japan → no more sending Japan resources

• Japan hoping to completely destroy any naval power the US had

• Destroyed all the American battleships at Pearl Harbor, but were not able to get the aircraft carriers that had already left a few days earlier

  • They also did not target the maintenance facilities and oil storage tanks that supported the US fleet

• Ended the American isolationist movement because this was a deliberate attack on the US and act of war

Island Hopping

• “Skipping over heavily fortified islands in order to seize lightly defended locations that could support the next advance (The National WWII Museum)”

• Hit the islands with less defenses so that the ones with more defenses are more isolated → once they are isolated, they will “wither on the vine”and can’t really get help → weakening the ones with more defenses

Manhattan Project

• June 1940

• Secret project to develop an atomic bomb before the Germans did

  • Albert Einstein alerted Roosevelt since he was a refugee, they figured the only way to win the war was to beat the Germans to the bomb

J. Robert Oppenheimer

• Led team of scientists in Manhattan project to create the Atomic bomb

Trinity Site

• July 1945

• Site of first US atomic bomb test

  • Alamogordo, New Mexico

• 3 total bombs were created

• After successful test, Truman decided it was time to bomb Japan

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

• August 1945

• Was not anticipated how much damage it caused → thought it would kill approximately 20,000

  • Killed 70,000

• First bombed Hiroshima → port city and army headquarters in southern Japan

• Nagasaki → shipbuilding center

• Island of Tinian was launching point for both of the bombs

• Japan surrenders 5 days after Nagasaki → August 14, 1945

Japanese internment

• February 19th, 1942

• Japanese Americans forced to move into “war relocation camps”

  • Had to sell their property and bring only what they could carry

  • Lost their property and liberty

• Racism in America, people saw no difference between Japanese Americans and the Japanese that attacked Pearl Harbor

• There was no evidence that any Japanese Americans had been disloyal to the United States and helping the Axis powers, but they were forced to move anyway

Korematsu V US

• September 1942

• Fred Korematsu was arrested for defying the Japanese internment order

• Challenged his arrest to the supreme court to push back against the Japanese internment order

• Took his case to the Supreme Court, but they still deemed the order constitutional even though it wasn’t

442nd Infantry

• Segregated unit of Japanese Americans in the military

• Most decorated unit in US military history for their size and length of service

• Sacrificed a lot to fight for the US in WWII even though they and all the other Japanese Americans in the country were facing discrimination since they were of Japanese descent

• Battle cry of “Go for the Broke” → put everything on the line to make it big

  • Saved the “Lost Battalion” although severely outnumbered and suffered many casualties

  • Helped liberate some French cities from Nazi invasion

Tuskegee Airmen

• Segregated group of 600 African American pilots that were the first African American military pilots

• Flew more than 15,000

• Caused US Army to desegregate during the war since they were very successful → reimposed segregation after the war however

• AKA Red Tails → flew P-51 Mustangs (plane)

Navajo Code Talkers

• Native Americans (mostly Navajo) that were hired in US Marines to help communicate messages that could not be intercepted by Germans/Japanese if they intercepted

  • This was because the Navajo language was not a written language and was basically impossible to translate if you did not already know the language , so it was useful for the US to communicate plans and such that were very confidential

WACs

• Women’s Army Corps

• 200,000 women working in the army

• Many were switchboard operators

WAVES

• Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service

  • Basically the same as the WACs, but in the Navy

Rosie the Riveter

• Promotional campaign about a woman that worked as a riveter to recruit women for traditionally male jobs since majority of men were off fighting in the war

Casablanca Conference

• January 1943

• Conference in Morocco between FDR, Churchill, Charles de Gaulle

• Stalin did not show up

• British convinced Americans to follow up their anticipated victory in Africa (see Operation Torch) with an attack on Sicily (Operation Husky)

• Also decide to bomb Germany more and send more military supplies to the Soviet Union and the Nationalist Chinese forces that were fighting the Japanese

• Decide that the war would only end if they got the “unconditional surrender” of all enemy nations

Tehran Conference

• 1943

• First meeting Stalin shows up to (good job!) → Big Three all meeting

  • FDR + Churchill + Stalin

• Agreed to create international organization to maintain peace after the war → United Nations

Yalta Conference

• February 1945

• Hosted by Stalin in Crimea where the Allies determined what would happen once Germany surrendered

• Time to split up Germany

  • Soviets would occupy eastern Germany

  • British and Americans would control western Germany, Berlin, German capital within Soviet zone and would have joint occupation

  • Later they created fourth zone for the French to administer

• Stalin wanted to retrieve former Russian territory that go transferred to Poland after WWI, and impose Soviet control over central and eastern European countries

  • FDR agreed because he was tired and dying and needed the Soviets to support the creation of the United Nations + to help defeat Japan

    • Stalin only agrees if he gets territories from Japan and China

• Started planning for meetings of the United Nations

Potsdam Conference

• July 1945

• Allied leaders meet and issue the Potsdam Declaration

  • Outlaw Nazism and demanded that Japan surrender by August 3rd or face “prompt and utter destruction”

Operations Torch and Husky

• Decided at Casablanca conference

• Torch → North African Campaign - November 8th, 1942 (surrender May 1943)

  • British and American forces in Morocco and Algeria

  • Push into Germans from all sides (British armies also pushing Axis forces back in East Africa) → Germans/Italians surrender → all of North Africa in allied control

  • This was the first time US troops fought/came into contact with Nazis

• Husky → Sicily, Italy

  • July 1943

  • British and American troops land on coast of Sicily and take over

  • This ends the rule of Mussolini → Italian king orders him to be arrested and says that they surrender and will switch sides to the Allies

  • Hitler sends German armies into Italy to try and prevent them from being lost to Allies

  • Basically stalemate between Germans and Allied forces, eventually Germans extract Mussolini from prison and Allied forces take over the rest of Italy

D-Day/Normandy/ Omaha Beach

• June 6th, 1943

• Part of Operation Overlord (fortitude)

• Assault on Hitler’s “Atlantic Wall” → fortification along French coastline

• Americans first made misleading statements to confuse Germans to think that invasion would be at Pas-de-Calais, instead it was at Normandy → they thought Normandy was the distraction for invading Pas-de-Calais

• Rough weather almost crashed the invasion

• Turning point in war, once Normandy was secured, Hitler’s forces started getting squashed between Allies forces in West and Soviets pushing from East

George Frost Kennan

• American diplomat in the Soviet Union

• Wrote the Long-Telegram back to the US

• Best-informed expert on the Soviet Union

• US Embassy in Moscow

Long-Telegram

• Telegram sent from George Frost Kennan that had details on Russian history, Stalin’s views, Soviet policy, and Russia’s determination to protect its western border with Europe

• Explained how Soviet Union was based on Marxism-Leninism ideology, where there was conflict between communist and capitalist nations → no peaceful coexistence with capitalist nations

• Soviet goal was to build military strength while putting down stability of capitalist democracies

• Call for containment of Soviet Union trying to expand with communism

Truman Doctrine

• March 12th, 1947

• American foreign policy → communism is everywhere, we must contain the spread

• Declared war on communism everywhere, need to protect nations from communism, America got responsibility

• Basically America is going to provide economic/military assistance to any countries that are under the threat of outside force (aka COMMUNISM)

Greek and Turkish Aid

• Truman asks to be able to send $400 million dollars to Greece and Turkey for economic and military assistance because he believes they are under the threat of communism

• Says this would create a domino effect and cause other countries around them to also fall to communism

• Exaggerates a lot to be supported by Congress

• Congress verifies it and they send aid to Greece and Turkey

Cold War

• America’s capitalism, democracy, and religious freedom conflicts with Soviet Union’s controlling its neighbors and people, and prohibiting religious practice

• Soviet Union violated Yalta Conference promise → imposed Communism on the nations of Eastern Europe that had been liberated in aftermath of WWII → turns all these Eastern and Central European countries into essentially Soviet colonies

• Clashing strategic interests and political ideologies

• More tension because of new nuclear warfare with the invention of atomic bombs

Iron Curtain Speech

• Speech by Winston Churchill

• “An iron curtain is drawn down upon [the Russian] front, We do not know what is going on behind [it].” → behind this “border”are all these nations that Soviet Union made communist

• Basically Soviet Union has control over the nations of Eastern Europe and the US and Britain want to help these nations have democratic governments, but Soviet Union already has military control over them

Marshall Plan

• Plan to reconstruct the European economy, neutralize Communist insurgencies, build foreign markets for American products

• Sent financial and technical aid to Europe, including the Soviet Union

  • Soviet Union refused to participate and forced the Eastern European countries under its control to not participate as well

• Helped to boost Western Europe’s industrial production to look higher than pre-WWII and had large form output

Berlin Blockade

• Berlin was already split into four zones for the US, France, Britain, and the Soviet Union after WWII

• US, France, and Britain united their zones and created a common currency, so they tried to spread it to the Soviet Union’s zone of Berlin, but Stalin did not let it happen

  • Ordered Soviet army that occupied eastern Germany to stop all road and rail traffic into Berlin → hoping it would force the US and allies to leave

  • They did not leave → time for an airlift to send supplies

  • The airlift was a big success → went on for months until blockade was lifted because there were bad Russian harvests and they wanted food from western Germany

• Now there is Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and German Democratic Republic (East Germany + controlled by Soviets)

• Blockade led allies to realize that they have got to stop the spread of communism into Western Europe

National Security Act of 1947

• Truman has to restructure how US armed forces were managed because nuclear weapons were destructive (duh)

• Department of Defense to oversee three branches → Army, Navy, Air Force

  • National Security Agency (NSA) → encrypt government communications to ensure privacy and intercept communication of other nations

    • Also provided surveillance of Americans that were potential threats

  • National Security Council (NSC) → advisory group of governments top specialists in international relations

  • Joint Chief of Staff → wartime creation that brings together leaders of all branches of armed forces

  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) → global intelligence-gathering activities

NATO

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Largest defensive alliance in the world → an attack against one member it’s an attack against everyone

• More efforts in containing Soviet expansion

• Isolationism is really really dead

Warsaw Pact

• Defense treaty formed between Soviet Union and the Soviet satellite states (the communist countries in the Soviet union which they controlled)

  • Albania, Bulgaria =, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

• Basically opposite of NATO, sought to protect communism from capitalist forces

Soviet A-Bomb

• More fear of “communism”

• News that Soviets successfully test nuclear weapon spreads

• Time to design something more powerful

• Hydrogen “super bomb” designed

• Everyone is panicking because two nations have atomic bombs

Klaus Fuchs

• German-born English nuclear physicist who have worked to develop the atomic bomb in the US during the war

• Passed information about development of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union

• A spy

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

• Other Soviet spies in the US → espionage

• First and only Americans executed for spying during the Cold War

• Claimed innocence up to their education

• They had two kids

HUAC

• House Committee on Un-American Activities

• Red scare

• Led accusations on supposed Communist agents in the federal government

• Alger Hiss convicted of lying about espionage because this guy told HUAC that Hiss have him secret documents when the guy was spying for the Soviet Union

• Allowed him to subpoena individuals deemed as threats to US

• Richard Nixon head of HUAC

1948 Presidential Election - Thomas Dewey

• Between Republican Thomas Dewey and Democrat Harry Truman (current pres)

• Truman was not endorsed by Southern Democrats because of his views on civil rights for African Americans

  • Democrats split because of this → southern Democrats form the Dixiecrats and vote for their own person

• New progressive party also forms

• Polls predicted that Dewey would be the clear winner, but Truman crushes it and wins

• Newspapers even printed out “Dewey Defeats Truman” papers prior to the results of the election

McCarran Act

• Internal Security Act

• Outlawed communist party in US

  • If you were part of a communist party you had to register as being communist, if you did not register, you were considered illegal

  • If you registered, you were STILL considered illegal

Senator Joseph McCarthy/ McCarthyism

• Elected in red wave of 1946

• Senator from Wisconsin

• Dispatched to speak to Women’s Republican Club in Wheeling, West Virginia

  • Says that they are losing the battle to communism

  • Says that he has a card with 205 (205 card) names of people working in state department who were communist

  • Fake news sent everyone into a frenzy

  • Goes after well-known famous people + Hollywood (see Hollywood 10)

  • Basically just for publicity

  • Army Signal Corps (see Joseph Welch)

• Eisenhower afraid of McCarthy, never spoke out against him

• Modern day witch trials → play written by Arthur Miller, “ The Crucible”

Second Red Scare

• Whittaker Chambers/Alger Hiss

  • Whittaker chambers comes forward and claims that government official Alger Hiss is a spy for Soviets → Hiss worked under both FDR and Truman

• Truman signed executive order (loyalty order) that required federal government workers to have a background investigation to ensure they were not communists/associated with communists

Hollywood Ten

• HUAC subpoenaed dozens of actors/producers/directors to testify at hearings during big investigation of the motion-picture industry

• 10 witnesses refused to testify → all cited for contempt , given prison terms, and blacklisted from film industry

Joseph Welch

• Attorney for Army Signal Corps

• In his firm hand had new Harvard graduate who was a communist group in university

• They get rid of the new lawyer, but Cohn finds out

• Welch discovers Cohn had escaped the war draft

• Welch and Cohn make a deal that Welch will not bring up Cohn dodging Korean War draft and Cohn will not bring up the new lawyer guy

• McCarthy violates the deal → Cohn was McCarthy’s chief council

  • “Have you no sense of decency”

Korean War

• After Japan is out of Korea, Korea is split on the 38th parallel, with the Northern part becoming communist with the influence of the Soviet Union , and the Southern part becoming democratic with influence from the US

• North → Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

• South → Republic of Korea

• North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950 → encouragement from Soviets

• Truan goes to the UN for aid → first military action authorized by the UN

• They struggle for the first few months, but then MacArthur goes too far (see Gen. Douglas MacArthur)

• A cease-fire occurs in 1951, and truce talks go on for two years

• Deepened American commitment to stop communism

Gen. Douglass MacArthur

• Starts making his own commands and continues pushing North during Korean war

• Keeps pushing and gets closer and closer to China

• Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai from China send warning that if they get too close to Yalu River then there could be war with China

• MacArthur gets too close and Chinese rush his troops and push them back

• Truman is forced to fire MacArthur because he is acting as if he is president when he is no t and is also badmouthing Truman

• Truman being eviscerated because MacArthur was a beloved figure by conservatives, he loses primaries in next election

Suez Crisis

• Egyptian army officer, Gamal Abdel Nasser, overthrew monarchy of King Farouk and wanted to become leader of Arab world → vowed to destroy new Israeli nation and wanted to end British and French imperialism in the region

• Nasser trying to take Suez Canal with support from Soviets

  • Suez Canal is important because it connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas

• Announced huge arms deal with Soviet Union, US counters with offer to finance massive hydroelectric dam at Aswan on Nile River

  • US cancels offer when they find out Nasser increases deal with Soviets

• Nasser gains control of canal

• French and British attack without telling the US → Eisenhower thinks they could’ve simply negotiated

• Eisenhower steps in and resolves the situation

  • Leads to the Eisenhower Doctrine

    • Promise to extend economic and military aid to Arab nations and to use armed force if needed to assist any nation against Communist aggression

Nikita Khrushchev

• New leader of Soviet Union after Stalin dies

• Push for peaceful coexistence with the West

• Visits US

• Announced “de-stalinization”

• “The Thaw”

• 20th party congress in Moscow

• Shuts down gulags

Peaceful Co-Existence

• Term by Khrushchev that basically meant that the US and Soviet Union would compromise and continue to complete economically and politically without launching a thermonuclear war

U-2 Flights

• US spy plane that was brought down when they entered Soviet airspace

• Soviets did not say that they had the pilot captive, only that they brought the plane down

• Eisenhower did not release the information about the spy plane to the public until Soviet Union released info on the pilot that they were holding captive

  • Francis Gary Powers

Hydrogen bomb

• By 1950s both US and Soviet Union developed hydrogen bombs

• Strategy called massive retaliation → use threat of nuclear warfare to prevent Communist aggression

• But if both parties have hydrogen bombs are threatening

ICBMs/SLBMs

• InterContinental Ballistic Missiles

  • Strong enough to launch spacecraft to SPACE and also strong enough to shoot missiles at the US

  • Launched Sputnik I into orbit

  • Land based

• Submarine launched ballistic missiles

  • Wanted to also have missiles from underwater

  • Boom

Sputnik I and II

• Sputnik I was first communications satellite launched into orbit

• US is scared because now they can just drop bombs on us whenever

• Sputnik II was second spacecraft put into orbit, first to put an animal into orbit

  • Laika the Dog

  • The heat protection thing burned up and she died in space due to the fact that there was no technology that had been made at the time to bring them back down

National Highway Defense Act

• Authorized building of highways throughout the US

• Biggest public works project ever

• “65,000-km national system of interstate and defense highways to be built over 13 years”

• Multiplier effects

  • Created jobs

  • Stimulated economic growth

  • Spurred tourism industry and other industries

NASA

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration

• Created to counter the Soviet Union’s space program that had already launched spacecrafts into space

U-2 Crisis

• See U-2 flights

• Eisenhower lies to the public saying that the plane that the Soviets shot down was a weather plane that had gone missing

• Soviets reveal they captured pilot Francis Gary Powers

• Eisenhower has to come clean to the public about the incident

Fidel Castro

• Cuba’s communist leader

• Overthrew Batista regime

• He was originally nationalist and wanted good relations with the US and then the US came into Cuba and decided no

Operation Mongoose

• Operation to assassinate Fidel Castro led by the CIA

• Over 600 documented assassination attempts against him

• Wasn’t really that successful

Bay of Pigs Invasion

• Failed attack on Cuba launched by the CIA

• Full scale invasion of Cuba

• Invaders badly outnumbered by Castro’s troops and surrendered within 24 hours

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Soviets decide to install Soviet missiles in Cuba because Kennedy had ordered US missiles with nuclear warheads to be installed in Turkey along the Soviet Border after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion

• Kennedy decides on naval blockade to stop Soviet ships coming into Cuba that would be delivering missiles

• Khrushchev and JFK come to deal where Soviet Union would remove missiles from Cuba if JFK publicly announced that the US would never invade Cuba, and also that the US would remove the missiles from Turkey (this part was secret shh)

Dien Bien Phu

• Cluster of villages in a valley ringed by mountains in northwestern Vietnam that the French invaded → their plan was to build fortified base to lure out the Viet Minh

  • They assumed the hills around them were impassable BUT THEY WERE PASSABLE

• The Viet Minh showed up surrounded the French with their cannons

• The French begged for help from Britain and US but the US did not help

Geneva Accords

• Signed by representatives of France, Britain, the Soviet Union, the People’s Republic of China, and the Viet Minh, giving Laos and Cambodia their independence, as well as split Vietnam in two at the 17th parallel → allows French to leave

Ho Chi Minh

• Leader of North Vietnam

• US did not want them to have free elections bc do not like Ho Chi Minh since he is “raging communist” → he was firstly a nationalist and wanted good economic relations with US bruh

• Executed lots of Vietnamese that opposed him

Vietcong

• Previously Viet Minh

• Communist guerillas that launched attacks on the Diem government

• NVA (North Vietnamese Army)

Ngo Dinh Diem

• Leader of South Vietnam chosen by the French at American urging

• He didn’t like the Viet minh or the French He wasn’t great either → literally no Vietnamese people liked him

• Form Army of the Republic of Vietnam (south vietnam) Ngo Dinh Nhu → brother of Ngo Dinh Diem

• Married to Madame Nhu, First Lady of South Vietnam → started taking down Buddhist places of worship as a Catholic

• self immolation saigon →monk burns himself to death in protest

Affluent Society

• Book written by economist John Kenneth Galbraith

• Attacked the notion that sustained economic growth was solving social problems

  • Nation has not eradicated poverty, especially with minorities in inner cities, female-led households, Mexican American migrant farmworkers, Native Americans, rural southerners, both black and white

    Book written by economist John Kenneth Galbraith Attacked the notion that sustained economic growth was solving social problems Nation has not eradicated poverty, especially with minorities in inner cities, female-led households, Mexican American migrant farmworkers, Native Americans, rural southerners, both black and white

Levittowns

• Identical mass-produced houses in Levittown, NY, and other suburbs across the country provided veterans and their families with affordable homes

• Suburban revolution

• Segregated, did not sell to African Americans/Jews very much