Chapter 4: Neo-Analytic Theory

Carl Jung

Swiss physician and first-generation student of Freud who developed Analytic Psychology

Active early 1900s.Initially Freud’s protégé and intellectual heir apparent.

By 1913, they parted over theoretical disagreements.

Analytic Psychology

Jung's psychological framework emphasizing the importance of the individual psyche and the collective unconscious.

Ego

The conscious aspect of personality that embodies one's sense of self.

Personal Unconscious

The part of the unconscious mind that contains thoughts and urges not presently within conscious awareness.

Collective Unconscious

A deeper level of the unconscious that houses archetypes shared across cultures.

Archetypes

Powerful emotional symbols common to all people, derived from the reactions of ancestors to culturally significant events.

Animus

The masculine aspect of a woman in Jung's theory.

Anima

The feminine aspect of a man in Jung's theory.

Persona

The socially acceptable front presented to others.

Shadow

The dark, unacceptable side of the Self containing shameful desires and motives.

Mother archetype

Symbolizes generativity and fertility, which can be represented by a person or institution.

Hero archetype

Represents a strong, good force that fights against enemies to rescue others.

Demons archetype

Symbolizes cruelty and evil.

Four functions of the mind

Sensing, Thinking, Feeling, and Intuiting as ways to process information.

Extroversion

Directing psychological energy toward external world experiences.

Introversion

Directing psychological energy toward one's internal thoughts and feelings.

Alfred Adler

First-generation student of Freud known for developing Individual Psychology.

Striving for superiority

The drive in individuals to overcome feelings of inferiority and assert control.

Inferiority Complex

The feelings of powerlessness that result from overwhelming circumstances.

Superiority Complex

Compensatory patterns of arrogance developed as a defense against feelings of inferiority.

Karen Horney 

German physician

Active early to mid-1900s.

Agreed with Adler on the importance of:

Childhood discovery of one’s own helplessness.

Struggle to gain individuality and control.

Rejection of “penis envy.”

Horney agreed w/ Freud that women often feel inferior to men.

She disagreed that it was due to differences in genitalia.

More due to being raised in a society that overly-emphasized securing the love of a man.

Also due to cultural valuation of masculinity and devaluation of femininity

Basic Anxiety

A child's fear of being alone and insecure, often stemming from poor parental relationships.

Passive style - Basic Anxiety

being compliant

Aggressive style - Basic Anxiety

fighting

Withdrawn style - Basic Anxiety

 not engaging emotionally

Real Self (Three different aspects of the Self:)

inner core of the personality. How we perceive ourselves. Can be damaged by poor parental relations.

Despised Self (Three different aspects of the Self:)

The perceived inferiority based on negative evaluations by others.

Ideal Self (Three different aspects of the Self:)

the perfect self one hopes to achieve. Based on the “tyranny of the should.”

Neurotic coping strategies

Unhealthy coping methods that arise from the basic anxiety and extend the three primary styles.

Neurotic coping strategies “Moving toward” people

always attempting to make others happy, to gain love, and approval (passive style).

Neurotic coping strategies “Moving against” people

striving for power, recognition and admiration (aggressive style).

Neurotic coping strategies. “Moving away” from people

withdrawal from emotional investment in relationships to avoid being hurt (withdrawn style).

Erik Erikson

Psychologist who emphasized the lifelong development of personality and proposed eight stages of psychosocial development.

Trust vs. Mistrust

 (infancy): establishing trust and hope.

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

(early childhood): control over own body; ability to do for oneself.

Initiative vs. Guilt

(early to mid-childhood): plan & execute actions; getting along w/ peers.

Industry vs. Inferiority

(mid- to late childhood): solving problems; taking pride in one’s own accomplishments.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

(adolescence): forming a clear sense of self that is one’s own.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

(early adulthood): develop companionship w/ others and a love relationship.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

(mid-adulthood): being productive; giving of oneself to others (family, community, institution).

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

(late adulthood): derivation of wisdom & integrity; view one’s life as meaningful and worthwhile.

Criticism of Neo-Analytic Theory: Advantages

Emphasizes the “Self” as the aspect of the person that copes w/ emotions, drives, & demands of others.

Acknowledges impact of others, society, & culture.

Assumes development continues throughout life cycle.

Criticism of Neo-Analytic Theory: Disadvantages’s

Unscientific. Difficult to test empirically.

Relies upon constructs that cannot be seen, measured, or verified.

Unparsimonious.

A hodgepodge of different ideas.