Studied by 21 peopleMacromolecules
Large molecules made up of smaller subunits, such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids.
Carbohydrates
Macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, used for energy storage and structural support.
Nucleic acids
Macromolecules, such as DNA and RNA, composed of nucleotides, involved in genetic information storage and protein synthesis.
Proteins
Macromolecules composed of amino acids, involved in various cellular functions, including structural support, enzymatic activity, and cell signaling.
Lipids
Macromolecules composed of hydrophobic molecules, such as fats and oils, used for energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure.
Structural isomer
Isomers that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of their atoms.
Stereoisomer
Isomers that have the same molecular formula and the same atom connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms.
Amino acid structure
a central carbon (C) atom bound to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group).
Protein shape
Proteins have four levels of structure - primary (sequence of amino acids), secondary (local folding patterns), tertiary (overall 3D structure), and quaternary (multiple protein subunits).
Lipid components
Lipids are composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
Saturated fats
solid, rigid, butter, no double C bonds, structure has no bends
Cell Theory
The theory that states that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes are organisms with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Animal vs Plant Cells
Animal cells lack a cell wall and chloroplasts, while plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
Ribosomes
Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
attachment of ribosomes to the membrane, synthesis of proteins
Golgi Apparatus
Organelle involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport within the cell or secretion outside the cell.
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes, involved in breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
Mitochondria
Organelles responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
Chloroplasts
Organelles found in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis and converting light energy into chemical energy.
Vacuoles
Membrane-bound sacs involved in storage, waste disposal, and maintaining cell turgor pressure.
Microtubules
Cytoskeletal structures involved in cell shape, cell division, and intracellular transport.
Endosymbiotic Theory
Theory that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells and formed a symbiotic relationship.
Membrane functions
Membranes separate the cell from its environment, regulate the passage of molecules, and facilitate cell communication.
Phospholipids
Main structural component of cell membranes, consisting of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
Peripheral proteins
Proteins that are loosely attached to the membrane surface
Cholesterol
A lipid molecule that helps regulate membrane fluidity and stability.
Membrane protein functions
Membrane proteins can act as transporters, receptors, enzymes, or structural components.
Passive Transport mechanisms
Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, and does not require energy input.
Active Transport mechanisms
Active transport includes primary active transport (using ATP) and secondary active transport (using an electrochemical gradient), and requires energy input.
Hyper, hypo, and isotonic
Hyper refers to a solution with a higher solute concentration, hypo refers to a solution with a lower solute concentration, and isotonic refers to a solution with an equal solute concentration compared to the cell.
Bulk transport
The movement of large molecules or particles across the cell membrane through endocytosis (taking in) or exocytosis (releasing).
Simple Diffusion
Selective permeability, integral membrane proteins allow cell to be selective about what passes through the membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration with the help of carrier proteins
Osmosis
Movement of water from an area of high to low concentration of water
Sodium-Potassium Pump (Primary)
moves 3Na+ out of the cell and 2K+ into the cell, ATP energy is used to change the conformation of the carrier protein
Secondary Active Coupled Transport
Uses the energy released when a molecule moves by diffusion to supply energy to active transport of a different molecule
ATP structure
ribose ( a 5 carbon sugar), adenine, three phosphate
Catalysts
substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction (can be enzyme or metal)
Enzymes
molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells, most are proteins, lower activation energy, are not changed or consumed by the reaction
Molecular Machines
machines provide structure and organization to cells and enable them to carry out complicated processes
Phospholipid Structure
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol, phosphate group attached to glycerol
Amino Acid Structure
central carbon atoms surrounded by amino group, carboxyl group, single H, variable R group
R group
reactive group, makes the protein different, dictates polar/nonpolar, fit, charge
Unsaturated fats
flexible, has double C bonds in the structure, vegetable oil
Triglycerides (fats)
composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Negative Feedback (feedback inhibition)
The end product of the pathways an allosteric inhibitor of an earlier enzyme in the pathway
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
relatively few ribosomes attached, synthesis of lipids, calcium storage, detoxification of foreign substances
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