Counseling Theories - Final

Existentialists view unhealthy functioning as

A. Being anxious

B. Utilizing defense mechanisms at times

C. Denying the givens of existence

D All of the above

C. denying the givens of existence

The most important tool an existential counselor employs is

A. Silence

B. The counselor-client relationship

C. Authenticity assessments

D. Interpretation

B. The counselor-client relationship

A person is born with Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome). This falls under which dimension of the environment?

A. Mitwelt

B. Uberwelt

C. Eigenwelt

D. Umwelt

D. Umwelt

Existentialists view anxiety as

A. Only unhealthy

B. Primarily stemming from conflict with parental figures

C. Potentially both healthy and unhealthy

D. Only healthy

C. Potentially unhealthy and healthy

Existential guilt arises from

A. feeling anxious

B. being subjected to bad caregiving

C. failing to realize one's full potential

D. none of the answers are correct

C. Failing to realize one's full potential

Which of the following statements is false?

A. May worked with Carl Rogers

B. May's counseling was influence by Alfred Adler

C. none of the answers are false.

D. May had an enlightening experience on Mt. Horiati where he found answers to existential questions and began formulating and existential theory of counseling

D. May had an enlightening experience on Mt. Horiati where he found answers to existential questions and began formulating and existential theory of counseling

Ontology refers to

A. the study of freedom

B. the study of meaning

C. the study of anxiety

D. the study of being

D. the study of being

According to the text, the concept of responsibility encompasses

A. all of the answers are correct

B. accountability to one's way of being

C. taking ownership of one's choices

D. Duty to others

A. all of the answers are correct

Yalom conceptualized four givens of life. Which of the following is not one of them?

A. isolation

B. death

C. meaninglessness

D. anxiety

E. freedom

D. anxiety

In existential theory, an example of a boundary situation is...

A. A funeral (-- thinking about death a bit more)

B. A birthday party (- bring into the awareness of death)

C.Having to make a difficult decision (- brings into awareness choice and freedom)

D. All of the answers are correct

(A boundary situation brings us close to the givens of existence pg. 163)

The answer is:

D. All of the answers are correct

More info about why

A. A funeral (-- thinking about death a bit more)

B. A birthday party (- bring into the awareness of death)

C.Having to make a difficult decision (- brings into awareness choice and freedom)

Existentialists would say that prisoners of war have a choice or choices in captivity because

A. They could have chosen not to go to war

B. They have the capacity to choose their attitudes and behaviors

C. They are given certain rights under the rules of war

D. Choosing is about believing

E. Existentialists would say that prisoners of war do not have freedom of choice.

B. They have the capacity to choose their attitudes and behaviors

Person-centered counseling is...

A. Directed by the counselor's conceptualization of incongruence

B. Directed by the client's need for empathy

C. Directed by the client's actualizing tendency

D. None of the answers are correct

C. Directed by the client's actualizing tendency

An undergraduate knows that you are training to be a person-centered therapist and wants to know about different aspects of counseling you use. Which of the following would be a strategy you would tell them.

A. Homework

B. Questions to redirect

C. Offering advice

D. None of the answers are correct

D. None of the answers are correct

The term for the subtle awareness of real experiences that one's self-concept mostly succeeds in screening out of awareness is...

Subception

Early Gestalt therapists wanted to construct a system of psychotherapy focusing more on

A. authentic contact rather than repetition of ways of being with significant others in the process of transference

B. actual experience rather than a counselor's interpretation of a client's experience.

C. All of the answers are correct

D. fostering growth rather than fixing what was wrong

C. All of the answers are correct

In discussing techniques, Fritz Perls

A. said they could prevent growth if used as jazzed up, substitute, phony activities

B. called them gimmicks

C. all of the answers are correct

D. said they could be useful in seminars to allow people to experience the idea of being alive.

C. all of the answers are correct

A client states " I am afraid and ashamed because I'm aware that I am a selfish person. I know I don't show other people my selfishness, but I do a lot of things for myself and for personal pleasure. I need to make myself happy for me." In which layer of psychotherpay is this client most likely working through?

A. Explosive

B. Phony

C. Phobic

D. Implosive

E. Impasse

D. Implosive

A Gestalt therapist

A. Focuses on counselor-client contact

B. Focuses on the future

C. Relies heavily on the knowledge of the human psyche

D. Focuses on the past

A. Focuses on counselor-client contact

In Gestalt, a client moving from reliance on external opinions and support to more internal support and self-trust is

A. Maturing

B. Self-actualizing

C.Developing social interest

D. Developing a better social self

A. Maturing

The personality is conceptualized in Gestalt terms as being

A. an ongoing interface between individual and environment

B. All of the answers are correct

C. an ongoing interface between patterns that form from need fulfillment cycles

D. a unified whole consisting of feelings, thoughts, and actions.

B. All of the answers are correct.

When a need arises and is not fulfilled, Gestalt therapists believe

A. A person is psychologically unhealthy

B. Therapy helps to erase the need

C. The figure becomes a distraction

D. It will eventually return to the background

C. The figure becomes a distraction

The aim of Gestalt therapy is to

A. work towards being more mature

B. encourage the client to act differently

C. gain greater insight into one's unconscious

D. allow for awareness of one's true self

D. allow for awareness of one's true self

The text authors stated that Gestalt therapy

A. was not influence by Freud's ideas

B. none of the answers are correct

C. is a cognitive-behavioral therapy

D. emphasizes the client's perception of experience

D. emphasizes the client's perception of experience

Which of the following statements is not true about the contact boundary?

A. The contact boundary belongs to both the person and the environment.

B. The contact boundary is in contact with both self and the environment.

C. The contact boundary needs to be reduced for full awareness to occur.

D. The contact boundary is the border between the me and the not-me.

C. The contact boundary needs to be reduced for full awareness to occur.

Which of the following statements is most antithetical to the Gestalt change process?

A. Change occurs when you are truly yourself.

B. Explore your senses to discover what you want.

C. Envision what you want and act "as if" you were that.

D. Look inside yourself and realize who you really are.

C. Envision what you want and act "as if" you were that.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an effective constructive counselor

A. Encouraging - but not forcing - client's emotional expression

B. Being expert enough to have a complete understanding of clients

C. Allowing oneself to feel emotional in the process of counseling

D. Trusting that clients can endure their pain and develop through it

B. Being expert enough to have a complete understanding of clients

Solution-focused therapy emphasizes all of the following except

A. Goal setting

B. Solution identification

C. Strengths of clients

D. Problem or symptom talk

D. Problem or symptom talk

Which of the following is not one of the general elements of narrative counseling?

A. Telling one's story

B. Rewriting one's story

C. Exploring one's story

D. All of the answers are correct

D. All of the answers are correct

All of the following except whom was a philosophical precursor to constructivism?

A. Kant

B. Vaihinger

C. Lao Tzu

D. Plato

D. Plato

Which best describes the role of the client in constructivist counseling?

A. a consumer

B. a student

C. engaged

D. passive

C. engaged

From a constructivist counselor's perspective, why do people seek counseling?

A. because they have a mental illness

B. because their capacities for balance, cohesion, and organization of experience are not capable of meeting the demands of their current lives.

C. because they have a mental disorder

D. because their organismic valuing process is experiencing a fundamental incongruence with the narrative of their environment

B. because their capacities for balance, cohesion, and organization of experience are not capable of meeting the demands of their current lives.

Which of the following approaches comes closest to following a linear progression of stages?

A. solution-focused therapy

B. narrative therapy

C. developmental constructivism

D. personal construct therapy

A. solution-focused therapy

Which of the following is a technique that Mahoney created?

A. writing unsent letters.

B. empty chair work

C. mirror time

D. push-button

C. mirror time

According to Mahoney, health involves which of the following?

A. transcendence

B. All of the answers are correct

C. balance

D. wholeness

B. All of the answers are correct

Which of the statements most accurately reflects Mahoney's "developmental" constructivism?

A. Radical constructivism: our minds are 100% responsible for our perception of reality, there is no "real" world independent of our minds.

B. Extreme relativism: all views are equally valid

C. objectivism: we can accurately know the world as it "really" is

D. Critical constructivism: despite the profound influence that our minds play in the co-construction of our perceived realities, it acknowledges the existence of an external, though ultimately unknowable, wold.

D. Critical constructivism: despite the profound influence that our minds play in the co-construction of our perceived realities, it acknowledges the existence of an external, though ultimately unknowable, wold.

Which of the following, according to Mahoney, is not one of the 5 overlapping themes shared by most constructivists?

A. Self-organizing activities are strongly influenced by social-symbolic processes.

B. Early childhood experiences exert fixed limits on what is possible.

C. The organization of personal activity results in a sense of self.

D. Ordering processes are fundamentally emotional and tacit.

B. Early childhood experiences exert fixed limits on what is possible.

Which of the following most accurately represents a constructivist view of pharmacotherapy?

A. It is never used because it denies the client's ability to construct new realities.

B. It is seen as merely a crutch.

C. Medications should be chosen based on the type of reality the client wishes to construct.

D. It can be an important aspect of some clients' healing and growth, especially when each client's perspectives on medication are explored (especially the meanings such medications have for the client)

D. It can be an important aspect of some clients' healing and growth, especially when each client's perspectives on medication are explored (especially the meanings such medications have for the client)

Systems theory has roots in

A. Cybernetics

B. Anthropology

C. Biology

D. All of the answers are correct

D. All of the answers are correct

The difference between first-order change and second-order change is

A. The nature of the difference from the status quo

B. The amount of time necessary to implement the new strategy

C. Who causes the change

D. The amount of homeostasis generated

A. The nature of the difference from the status quo

Satir (1972) used the analogy of a mobile to illustrate the concept of

A. Systems functioning as organized whole

B. Circular causality

C. Sculpting

D. Emotional expression

A. Systems functioning as organized whole

In systems therapy, resistance to therapy

A. Is predictable and normal part of the process

B. Occurs because the family is trying to maintain equilibrium

C. All of the answers are correct

C. All of the answers are correct

The ideas that unhealthy environmental factors such as oppression can create distress and that distress is adaptive are part of which major tenet of feminist therapy?

A. the personal is political

B. egalitarian relationship between counselor and client

C. Valuation of marginalized voices

D. Commitment to social change

A. the personal is political

The primary goal of feminist therapy is

A. not clearly defined

B. authentic communication and understanding

C. empowerment

D. to bring down the patriarchy

C. empowerment

A strategy or strategies that feminist therapists use to help clients become aware of and confront inequalities is/are

A. social identity analysis

B. development of critical consciousness

C. All of the answers are correct

D. advocacy, allyship, and social activism

C. All of the answers are correct

In the feminist view, therapy is a "struggle against _________."

A. Individualism

B. loneliness

C. anxiety

D. oppression

D. oppression

In RCT, disconnections accompanied by feelings of shame, fear, frustration, humiliation, and self-blame and that cannot be transformed may lead to:

A. feelings of condemned isolation

B. depression and/or anxiety

C. existential isolation

D. psychopathology needing medical attention

A. feelings of condemned isolation

Jean Baker Miller's book, Toward a New Psychology of Women, noted that the centrality of ______ in her clients' lives was inconsistent with traditional theories of counseling and human development.

A. emotions

B. sisterhood

C. relationships

D. children

C. relationships

Feminist, multicultural, and social justice advocates and theorists are critical of traditional theories of counseling and development for their emphasis on

A. mastery

B. deterministic control

C. Western individualism

D. all of the answers are correct

D. all of the answers are correct

This term refers to children's ability to rearrange and expand their relational circles based on their individual developmental needs

A. Homonomy

B. Hegemony

C. Circular construction

D. Structuring friendships

A. Homonomy

Relational cultural theorists describe the person-centered core condition of empathy as

A. one-way

B. archaic

C. unnecessary

D. necessary and sufficient

A. one-way

All of the following are statements describing the central relational paradox EXCEPT

A. Vulnerability allows people to be in a space where they want to connect more intentionally with others.

B. People yearn for connection and feel a heightened sense of vulnerability. people then oftentimes use strategies that result in further disconnection and isolation.

C. individuals hide or deny large parts of their life experiences and relate inauthentically with others in an effort to reconnect in nonmutual relationships.

D. Although it is noted that all individuals yearn to connect with other people in authentic, mutually empathic ways, feelings of vulnerability, fear, shame, mistrust, and suspicion make movement into connection difficutl.

A. Vulnerability allows people to be in a space where they want to connect more intentionally with others.

The fourth force in the history of the counseling profession is usually said to be

A. Multiculturalism

B. Social justice

C. Humanism

D. Behaviorism

A. Multiculturalism

Organismic Valuing Process is defined as

A. Ongoing process in which individuals freely rely on the evidence of their own senses for making value judgments about what is and is not enhancing to the organism

B. Internal locus of evaluation

C. Capacity for behavior aimed at meeting needs, obtaining what organism sees as enhancing ·

D. All of the answers are correct

D. All of the answers are correct

Person centered therapists consider healthy functioning as EXCEPT:

A. One's behavior being expression of one's self-concept

B. High degree of congruence between a person's organismic experience and self-concept

C. Does not deny any experience into awareness

D. Trusting inner wisdom of the total organism to respond holistically to all the available data with the most beneficial course of action

A. One's behavior being expression of one's self-concept

All of the following are considered the six necessary and sufficient conditions in person-centered therapy except:

A. Genuineness conveyed by therapist

B. Conditional positive regard conveyed by therapist

C. Empathy conveyed by therapist

D. The client PERCEIVES genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy

B. Conditional positive regard conveyed by therapist

In Gestalt theory, if needs are satisfied, the FIGURE ________ as a new figure emerges.

A. proceeds

B. impedes

C. recedes

D. succeeds

C. recedes

The individual ___________ exist without interacting with environment; the two are inextricably linked.

A. can

B. cannot

B. cannot

All of the following are considered unhealthy functioning in Gestalt therapy except:

A. Unclear gestalts

B Contact boundary disturbances

C. Embracing full awareness of self and how self relates to and interact with the environment.

D. Avoiding responsibility for self and inappropriately taking responsibility for others.

C. Embracing full awareness of self and how self relates to and interact with the environment.

In narrative therapy, when stories become ______________, people seek counseling.

A. confusing

B. problem-saturated

C. superficial

D. oppressive

B. problem-saturated

All are true about the "good life" except:

A. well defined and flexible

B. predominantly saturated with solutions and hope

C. discourages active engagement in life and balanced pursuit of life goals

D. yields sense of balance and wholeness

E. supports both one's own freedom and others' freedom and well-being

C. discourages active engagement in life and balanced pursuit of life goals

According to systems theory, any system is an organized whole, and elements within the system are necessarily _________.

A. independent

B. dependent

C. interdependent

D. combined

C. interdependent

Family of origin is

A. the family we create

B. always monogamous

C. the family we are born into

D. Adam and Eve

C. the family we are born into

The members of a system are always monitoring and regulating the _________________ ________________ of their system.

A. dynamic equilibrium

B. relationship status

C. feelings of others

D. All of the answers are correct

A. dynamic equilibrium

In systems theory, perturbations

A. provoke or threaten to provoke disequilibrium

B. impact cannot always be predicated

C. cause disequilibrium within the system

D. All of the answers are correct

D. All of the answers are correct

"Stabilization" of the system does not equate with "healthy" behavior.

A. True

B. False

A. True

Unhealthy Functioning in Systems theory is defined by all of the following EXCEPT

A. Subsystem boundaries with too rigid or too diffuse

B. Rules and enforcements are either too rigid or very inconsistent.

C. Roles and expectations of members clearly defined.

D. Individual identity is not encouraged or even recognized.

E. Communication is unclear, indirect, abusive, and or coercive.

C. Roles and expectations of members clearly defined.

In systems theory, the client's first task is to

A. come to therapy

B. be willing to view the problem as systemically based

C. get over themselves

D. Maintain homeostasis

B. be willing to view the problem as systemically based

Which of the following are Welts in Existential counseling?

A. Uberwelt: spiritual world

B. Mitwelt: interpersonal world

C. Eigenwelt: personal world

D. Umwelt: physical world

E. All of these are Welts

E. All of these are Welts

The Daesin is

A. a vacuum

B. one's approach to existence

C. the primary self

D. a given of life

B. one's approach to existence

In existential therapy, healthy functioning involves

A. normal anxiety

B. the Uberwelt

C. authenticity

D. a and c

D. a and c

In Existential therapy, change consists of all except:

A. increased authenticity

B. Decrease in defense mechanisms

C. Enhanced awareness

D. Disproportionate anxiety

E. Courageous responses

D. Disproportionate anxiety

Conditions of ________ create ___________.

A. self, knowledge

B. worth, incongruence

C. self-concept, defense mechanisms.

D. value, subception

B. worth, incongruence

The need for positive regard is universal among humans.

A. True

B. False

A. True

Unhealthy functioning in person-centered counseling includes a high level of congruence.

A. True

B. False

B. False

In family counseling, the first thing a therapist would focus on would be

A. redefining the problem as systemic

B. understanding the identified client

C. joining with the family in order to establish mutual causality

D. restoring equilibrium

A. redefining the problem as systemic

In systems theory, boundaries are

A. all of the answers are correct

B. equivalent to rules

C. set up by a system so members can regulate entrance and departure from the system

D. clearly stated, defined, and consciously acknowledged by all system members

B. equivalent to rules

Circular causality involves the concept(s) of

A. intrapersonal problems

B. congruence

C. none of the answers are correct

D. mutual influence

D. mutual influence

The goal of family therapy is to

A. help each family member achieve self-actualization

B. help the family develop more adaptive interaction patterns

C. help the family deconstruct and reconstruct family rules

D. help the family challenge irrational beliefs and develop rational ones

B. help the family develop more adaptive interaction patterns

In systems theory, triangulation is

A. a destabilizing force

B. used by the therapist to enter the family system

C. always unhealthy

D. a cybernetic term that refers primarily to power in a hierarchy

B. used by the therapist to enter the family system

Which approach is associated with Murray Bowen?

A. Family Multigenerational Therapy

B. Strategic Family Therapy

C. Contextual Family Therapy

D. Symbolic/Experiential Family Therapy

A. Family Multigenerational Therapy

According to Rogers, a congruent, fully functioning person

A. All of the answers are correct

B. is in a constant state of homeostasis

C. is engaged in an ongoing creative process

D. is always happy

C. is engaged in an ongoing creative process

Rogers's three core conditions of change are

A. empathy, congruence, and social interest

B. unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy

C. genuineness, empathy, and psychological contact

D. unconditional positive regard, empathy, and love

B. unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy

Which of the following client conditions may not be evidence of a client's motivation to change?

A. subjective sense of confusion

B. inner tension

C. perceived anxiety

D. seeking counseling

D. seeking counseling

Person-centered counselors do all of the following except

A. communicate the three core conditions of change to the client

B. sense the counseling relationship as vital

C. lose oneself empathically in the client's world

D. have an unwavering respect for the humanity of the client

C. lose oneself empathically in the client's world

Rogers believed all of the following except

A. the necessary and sufficient conditions alone would facilitate healthy functioning

B. therapy should help with present and future problems

C. counseling should focus on the problem

D. the aim of therapy was to assist the individual in growing

C. counseling should focus on the problem

According to Rogers, parents do best for a child by

A. expressing understanding of the the child's feelings and motives

B. encouraging concern for others and making a contribution to society

C. letting the child do whatever the child wants

D. modeling and reinforcing appropriate behavior

A. expressing understanding of the the child's feelings and motives

Carl Rogers noted similarities between his work and the work(s) of

A. All of the answers except Rousseau

B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

C. Soren Kierkegaard

D. Abraham Maslow

A. All of the answers except Rousseau

Rogers saw the core of human motivation as

A. essentially negative

B. mostly neutral

C. almost perfect

D. essentially positive

D. essentially positive

According to Rogers, the actualizing tendency in an organism can be destroyed by

A. unhealthy parenting

B. None of these answers are correct. Only death of the organism can destroy the actualizing tendency.

C. trauma

D. poor self-esteem

B. None of these answers are correct. Only death of the organism can destroy the actualizing tendency.

Incongruence between organismic experience and the self-concept occurs when

A. the ideal self is formed

B. conditions of worth develop

C. perception of organismic functioning is realized

D. none of the answers are correct

B. conditions of worth develop

To preserve and assert one's existence through the unfolding of one's potential is known as the

A. "good life"

B. master motive

C. purpose of life

D. none of these answers are correct

B. master motive