APUSH Period 4

The Revolution of 1800

• By 1800, the Federalist Party was split, clearing the way to the presidency for the Democratic-Republicans

• Each received an equal number of votes in the Electoral College, which meant that the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives was required to choose a president from between the two

• It took 35 ballots, but Jefferson finally won

Midnight Appointments

• Before he left town, Adams made a number of midnight appointments, filling as many government positions with Federalists as he could

• Jefferson’s response was to refuse to recognize those appointments

• He then set about replacing as many Federalist appointees as he could. He dismissed some, pressured others to retire, and waited out the rest

• By his second term, the majority of public appointees were Democratic-Republicans

Marbury v Madison

• Jefferson’s refusal to accept Adams’s midnight appointments resulted in a number of lawsuits against the government

• One, the case of Marbury v. Madison reached the Supreme Court in 1803

• William Marbury, one of Adams’s last-minute appointees, had sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to certify his appointment to the federal bench

• Marshall’s decision in the case established one of the most important principles of the Supreme Court: judicial review

Louisiana Purchase

• The major accomplishment of Jefferson’s first term was the Louisiana Purchase

• When Spain gave New Orleans to the French in 1802, the government realized that a potentially troublesome situation was developing

• The French, they knew, were more likely to take advantage of New Orleans’ strategic location at the mouth of the Mississippi

• Thomas Jefferson faced with a dilemma with regards to the Constitution and the power of the federal government

• as secretary of state under Washington, he had argued for a strict interpretation of the Constitution

Election of 1804

• In 1804, Jefferson won reelection in a landslide victory

• During the 1804 elections, Aaron Burr ran for governor of New York

• Again, Alexander Hamilton campaigned against Burr

• When Burr lost, he accused Hamilton of sabotaging his political career and challenged him to a duel in which he killed Hamilton

• Afterward, Burr fled to the Southwest, where he plotted to start his own nation in parts of the Louisiana Territory. He was later captured and tried for treason but was acquitted due to lack of evidence

War of 1812

• French-English dispute leads to War of 1812

• British and French blockading trade routes

• American ships and sailors impressed by British

• Tensions mount, culminating in British frigate attack on American ship in American waters

• Jefferson unable to go to war, responds with boycott and increasing military appropriations

Embargo Act of 1807

• closed U.S. ports to all exports and restricted imports from Britain.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

• repealed the Embargo Act, and reactivated American commerce with all countries except the warring French and the British.

Macon's Bill No. 2

• Reopened trade with both France and England

• If either country interfered with American trade, the other would be cut off

• Napoleon promised to stop interference, leading to embargo on England

• France continued to harass American ships

• British stepped up attacks on American ships

War Hawks

• Southern and Western War Hawks saw opportunity to gain new territories

• Strong desire to gain Canada from British

• Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

War of 1812

• Native Americans aligned with British

• Tecumseh unified area tribes to stop American expansion

• British armed Native Americans in Western territories

• American forces ill-prepared for war, fighting went badly

Treaty of Ghent

• Treaty of Ghent signed, ending war

Era of Good Feelings

• Only one political party, briefly leaves United States with unity

• Chief Justice John Marshall's rulings strengthens federal government

• Panic of 1819 causes economic turmoil and nearly ends good feelings

• No nationally organized political opposition results from panic

Westward Expansion

• John Quincy Adams negotiated treaties to fix U.S. borders and open new territories

• Acquisition of Florida from Spanish through Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819

• International tensions caused by revolutions in Central and South America

Monroe Doctrine

• Policy of mutual non-interference and America's right to intervene in its own hemisphere

Election of 1824

• Andrew Jackson received the greatest number of popular votes and electoral votes but no one had a majority

• Election decided in the House of Representatives, with Speaker of the House Clay supporting Adams

Corrupt Bargain

• It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State. Jackson's supporters denounced this as a "corrupt bargain".

Jacksons Presidency

• Among his first acts as president, Jackson dismissed numerous government officials and replaced them with political supporters

• This led to criticism of cronyism and the rise of the spoils system, in which jobs were traded for political favors

Indian Removal Act 1830

• Jackson argued that moving away from white society was the best way to protect themselves from white encroachment and maintain their traditional customs.

• The Cherokees refused and brought their case to the Supreme Court, which sided with them in two cases. However, Jackson refused to comply with the Court's decision and thousands of Cherokees were forced to walk to Oklahoma in what is known as the Trail of Tears.

Doctrine of Nullification

• states believed they had the right to disobey federal laws if they found them unconstitutional.

The Tariff of 1828/ The Tariff of Abominations

It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy.

The South Carolina Exposition and Protest

• In 1828, John C. Calhoun, Jackson's vice president, anonymously published "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest" arguing that states who felt the 50 percent tariff was unfairly high could nullify the law.

Panic of 1837

• a severe financial crisis that struck the United States in 1837 and lasted for several years.

• It was caused by a combination of factors, including falling demand for cotton, the primary export of the United States, which led to a decline in land values and an economic recession

Nat Turner's Rebellion

• a slave rebellion where Nat Turner rallied a gang that killed and mutilated 60 whites.

• In retaliation, 200 enslaved people were executed, some with no connection at all to the rebellion

Slave Codes

• Fearful that other enslaved people would emulate Turner's exploits, southern states passed a series of restrictive laws, known as slave codes, prohibiting Black people from congregating and learning to read

Election of 1836 and Panic of 1837

• Jackson supported Democrat Martin Van Buren for vice president

• Van Buren assumed presidency during economic crisis (Panic of 1837)

• Van Buren's policy of favoring hard currency made money hard to come by, worsening the crisis

• Economic downturn lasted through Van Buren's term, making re-election unlikely

Mormons

• oseph Smith formed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in 1830.

• Smith's preaching, particularly his acceptance of polygamy, drew strong opposition in the East and Midwest, culminating in his death by a mob while imprisoned in Illinois.

• The Mormons, realizing they would never be allowed to practice their faith in the East, made the long, difficult trek to the Salt Lake Valley led by Brigham Young.

womens rights

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott to hold the first women's rights convention in 1848 in Seneca Falls in upstate New York.

Horace Mann

• Horace Mann was instrumental in pushing for public education and education reform in general. He lengthened the school year, established the first "normal school" for teacher training, and used the first standardized books in education.

American System

• a vision for economic development and national unity, consisting of protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements like roads and canals

Missouri Compromise

• Henry Clay developed a plan to maintain the balance: the Missouri Compromise which included (1) Maine would be admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. (2) Slavery would be prohibited in the area north of the 36 degree 30 minute line.