AP WORLD UNITS 4,5,6

Lateen sail

A triangular sail that allowed for better maneuverability during navigation.

Astrolabe

An ancient astronomical device used for solving problems related to time and the position of the stars.

Compass

A navigational instrument used for finding direction, perfected by the Chinese during the Age of Exploration.

Portuguese Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century that was used by the Portuguese for exploration.

Spanish Galleon

A large sailing ship used for trade, primarily between Spain and its colonies.

Venetian Galleys

Long, narrow ships powered by oars and sails, used for trade and warfare in the Mediterranean.

State-sponsored exploration

Exploration funded by governments to discover new trade routes and territories.

Trans-Atlantic Voyages

Sea journeys across the Atlantic Ocean, leading to the colonization of the New World.

Mestizos

People of mixed ancestry, specifically of Native American and European descent.

Mulattoes

People of mixed ancestry, specifically of African and European descent.

Creoles

People of European ancestry born in the Americas.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World.

Mercantilism

An economic theory and practice where a nation's strength is directly related to its wealth.

Joint Stock Companies

Businesses formed by multiple investors to finance exploration and trade ventures.

Triangular Trade

A historical term indicating trade routes that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Flow of Silver

The movement of silver from the Americas to Europe and then to China, influencing global trade.

Syncretic Religions

Religions that combine elements from different cultural backgrounds.

Pueblo Revolts

A series of uprisings by Indigenous Pueblo people against Spanish colonizers in present-day Mexico.

The Fronde

A series of civil wars in France that challenged the authority of the central government.

Cossack Revolts

Rebellions by Cossack groups in Russia against the central government.

King Philip's War

A conflict between Native American tribes and English colonists in New England.

Maroon Societies

Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority.

Feminism

The movement for advocating women's rights on the basis of political, social, and economic equality.

Nationalism

A strong identification with and pride in one's nation, often leading to the desire for self-rule.

Steam Engine

A heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.

Internal Combustion Engine

An engine that generates power by burning fuel within the engine itself.

Factory System

A method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for better wages and working conditions.

Marxism

A political and economic theory of social change through class struggle, proposed by Karl Marx.

Urbanization

The process of making an area more urban and increasing population density.