Chap 1-3 juvenile

"Define juvenile delinquency."

"Juvenile delinquency refers to violations of criminal law committed by minors."

"Describe the typical age range for minors in the context of juvenile delinquency."

"A minor is usually under age 18, and in some states, under age 16 or 17."

"Explain how juvenile offenders are perceived in society."

"Juvenile offenders are viewed as immature and in need of guidance, rather than fully responsible criminals."

"What are some characteristics of immaturity in juvenile delinquents?"

"Juvenile delinquents may not know an act is wrong, may not understand the harm caused, and often lack self-control."

"Discuss the societal belief regarding punishment for juvenile delinquents."

"Society believes that juvenile delinquents should receive help and supervision rather than serious punishment."

"Provide examples of illustrative cases of juvenile delinquency."

"Examples include a 6-year-old girl in Florida who assaults a friend with wood and a 6-year-old boy in California who seriously injures an infant."

"What are status offenses in the context of juvenile delinquency?"

"Status offenses are acts that are illegal only because of the age of the individual, such as running away, truancy, and curfew violations."

"Identify criticisms associated with status offenses."

"Criticisms include vague laws, punishment for noncriminal behavior, and disproportionate impact on poor, minority, and female youth."

"What reforms have been suggested for the treatment of juvenile delinquents?"

"Reforms include diversion from juvenile court, reclassification (CHINS, PINS), reduced confinement, and decriminalization in some states."

"Contrast juvenile court with adult court in terms of focus and process."

"Juvenile court emphasizes rehabilitation over punishment, focusing on the offender rather than the offense, and is more informal and less adversarial."

"What terminology is used in juvenile court instead of 'guilty' and 'sentence'?"

"In juvenile court, the term 'adjudicated delinquent' is used instead of 'guilty', and 'disposition' is used instead of 'sentence'."

"Explain the privacy measures in juvenile court."

"Juvenile court features closed hearings and sealed records, with no death penalty and limits on the length of confinement."

"Describe the primary focus of juvenile corrections."

"Juvenile corrections emphasize rehabilitation, distinguishing them from adult offenders."

"Explain how serious juvenile offenders are treated compared to less serious ones."

"Serious juvenile offenders are treated more like adults, facing harsher punishments and more transfers to adult court."

"Define the historical perspective on children before the 1500s-1600s."

"Historically, children were treated as adults before the 1500s-1600s."

"What factors contributed to the changing views of children in society?"

"Factors included declining child death rates, expansion of education, urbanization and slums, and concern for poor children."

"Describe the role of child savers in the child-saving movement."

"Child savers were middle-class reformers motivated by genuine concern and social control, leading to the establishment of juvenile courts and special laws."

"How does the method of measurement influence conclusions about juvenile delinquency?"

"The method of measurement affects conclusions about delinquency by determining what data is collected and how it is interpreted."

"List the three major measures used to assess juvenile delinquency."

"The three major measures are official statistics, self-report data, and victimization data."

"Explain what the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) include."

"UCR includes crimes known to police, clearance data, and arrest data along with characteristics."

"Define the term 'clearance rate' in the context of UCR."

"The clearance rate is the percentage of crimes that are cleared by arrest."

"Identify the eight serious crimes classified as Part I offenses in UCR."

"Part I offenses include murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson."

"What are the strengths of the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)?"

"Strengths of UCR include coverage of approximately 95% of the U.S. population, long-term trend data, and accuracy for serious crimes."

"Discuss the weaknesses associated with the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)."

"Weaknesses include that most delinquency is not reported, police discretion and errors, potential data manipulation, underestimation of delinquency, and misleading trends."

"Describe the self-report data method in measuring juvenile delinquency."

"Self-report data involves juveniles reporting their own delinquent behavior."

"What are the strengths of using self-report data for measuring delinquency?"

"Strengths include capturing hidden delinquency, measuring minor offenses, and generally being accurate."

"Identify the weaknesses of self-report data in assessing juvenile delinquency."

"Weaknesses include few long-term surveys, underreporting of serious offenses, and missing serious offenders."

"What improvements can be made to self-report data collection methods?"

"Improvements include using computer-assisted surveys, better measures, and oversampling high-risk youth."

"Describe the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)."

"The NCVS includes individuals aged 12 and older and surveys approximately 50,000 households to gather data on crime victimization."

"Explain the strengths of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)."

"The strengths of the NCVS include its ability to capture unreported crimes and provide insights into victim characteristics."

"Identify the weaknesses of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)."

"The weaknesses of the NCVS include limited coverage of certain crimes, exclusion of individuals under age 12, and potential victim recall problems."

"Summarize the juvenile arrest data from 2014."

"In 2014, there were approximately 1 million juvenile arrests, with 288,000 classified as Part I arrests, primarily for larceny-theft, and 736,000 as Part II arrests."

"Calculate the juvenile arrest rate based on the provided data."

"The juvenile arrest rate is approximately 3,000 per 100,000 juveniles."

"Discuss the common behaviors reported by high school seniors in the Monitoring the Future study."

"Common behaviors reported by high school seniors include drinking, fighting, and petty theft, with serious crime being less common."

"Explain the significance of self-report data in understanding juvenile delinquency."

"Self-report data, such as from the National Survey of Youth, provides a longitudinal perspective on both serious and minor offenses, allowing for precise measurement of delinquency."

"Compare the findings of arrest data and self-report data regarding juvenile delinquency."

"Arrest data indicated about 1 million arrests, while self-report data suggested hundreds of millions of delinquent acts, highlighting that the probability of arrest is less than 1%."

"Identify the demographics most likely to be victims of crime according to the victimization data."

"Individuals aged 12–17, males (except in cases of intimate partner violence), African Americans, and lower-income individuals are most likely to be victims of crime."

"Quantify the number of violent and property victimizations reported in 2014."

"In 2014, there were 5.4 million violent victimizations and 15.3 million property victimizations."

"Describe the trends in property crime from the mid-1990s to 2014."

"Arrest data for property crime showed a sharp decline since the mid-1990s, while self-report data indicated a modest decline."

"Outline the trends in violent crime from the early 1980s to 2014."

"Violent crime was stable in the early 1980s, increased significantly in the late 1980s to early 1990s, then sharply declined to historic lows by 2014."

"Discuss the factors linked to the spike in murder rates during the late 1980s and early 1990s."

"The spike in murder rates during this period was linked to gun-related killings, crack cocaine, and gang activity."

"Analyze the trends in drug crime from the 1980s to the present."

"Drug crime trends showed a decline in the 1980s, an increase in the 1990s, a decline in the early 2000s, and an increase again after 2006."

"Define the term 'juvenile delinquency' based on the context provided."

"Juvenile delinquency refers to illegal or antisocial behaviors committed by individuals under the age of 18."

"Explain the relationship between victimization data and juvenile arrests."

"Victimization data indicate that the number of crimes committed by juveniles exceeds the number of arrests, suggesting that delinquency is more common than arrest statistics reflect."

"Describe the factors that contribute to the confusion in delinquency estimates."

"Different measures capture different behavior, arrest data underestimate crime, reporting and enforcement change over time, and no single 'true' delinquency rate exists."

"Explain the key reasons for the crime decline since the mid-1990s."

"The decline is attributed to a decrease in crack cocaine markets, a strong economy in the 1990s, reduced poverty and unemployment, fewer gangs, improved policing, prevention and rehabilitation programs, and the observation that immigrants are less violent."

"How do arrest data impact the understanding of crime rates?"

"Arrest data tend to underestimate crime, leading to confusion in understanding the actual delinquency rates."

"Define 'delinquent' in the context of juvenile justice."

"A delinquent is a juvenile who has committed a criminal act."

"What is meant by 'due process' in relation to juveniles?"

"Due process refers to the legal rights of juveniles within the justice system."

"Explain the term 'disposition' in juvenile court."

"Disposition refers to the outcome or decision made by the juvenile court regarding a case."

"Describe the concept of 'dangerous classes' in society."

"Dangerous classes refer to poor urban populations that are perceived as threats to public safety."

"What role did 'child savers' play in the juvenile justice system?"

"Child savers were reformers who advocated for the creation and improvement of the juvenile justice system."

"How is 'diversion' used in the context of juvenile justice?"

"Diversion involves handling juvenile cases outside of the formal court system to prevent further legal consequences."

"Define 'arrest rate' and its significance."

"The arrest rate is the number of arrests per 100,000 juveniles, which helps measure the level of juvenile crime."

"What does the 'clearance rate' indicate in crime statistics?"

"The clearance rate indicates the percentage of crimes that have been solved or cleared by law enforcement."

"Explain the purpose of the UCR in crime data collection."

"The UCR, or Uniform Crime Reporting, is a program by the FBI that collects and compiles crime data from law enforcement agencies."

"What are self-report surveys and their relevance in juvenile crime studies?"

"Self-report surveys are tools where juveniles report their own behavior, providing insight into delinquency that may not be captured by official records."

"Describe the significance of victimization data in understanding crime."

"Victimization data consists of surveys of crime victims, which help to understand the prevalence and impact of crime from the victims' perspective."

"Discuss the recent concerns regarding crime trends in select cities."

"There have been small spikes in homicide rates in certain cities, with unclear causes, and the future of crime trends is dependent on economic conditions and crime policy."