whap unit 3 land based empires 1450-1750

arose from fall of Tamerlane's empire

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires

Tamerlane

military leader from Samarkand, Used military to control merchants on silk roads

Tamerlane's empire fell why

Large amounts of funding required for military and internal (managing tribes) disputes

Ottoman Empire time period

1299-1922

Ottoman Empire

In 1433 under the leadership of Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) sieged and took Constantinople from the Byzantine empire using gunpowder and advanced cannons

Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror)

led Ottoman empire to take over Constantinople from the Byzantine empire

Changes to Constantinople by Ottomans

Changed name to Istanbul

Converted Hagia Sophia (cathedral) into mosque

Suleiman the Magnificent

was seen as the peak of the Ottoman Empire, conquered more area around the Mediterranean and attempted to push further into europe past Hungary but was stopped

Safavid Empire time period

1501-1736

Suleiman the Magnificent time period

1520-1566

Safavid Empire religion

Shia Islam

Ottoman empire religion

Sunni Islam

Ismail I

conquered most of Persia, and parts of Iraq using gunpowder for Safavid Empire

Mughal Empire time period

1526-1761

Mughal Empire

Descendent of Tamerlane, Babur, founded Mughal Empire when India was in disarray

Babur

completed conquest of Northern India using gunpowder and established central government similar to Suleiman for Mughal Empire

Akbar

led Mughal to be prosperous, supported other religions in India but was Muslim

Sikhism started

in punjab india around 1500, values equality, social justice, service to humanity, and tolerance for other religions

Taj Mahal

Built by Shah Jahan to honor dead wife but also to display power in Mughal Empire

Gunpowder empires fall why

Failed to modernize economy and military unlike the Europeans

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) became tsar when

1547

Tokugawa Shogunate time period

1603-1868

Tokugawa Shogunate goals

Centralization = peace, get rid of christianity and stop european trade except for dutch

Hundred Years' War

1337-1453

Renaissance time period

1300-1600

Renaissance

Rebirth of Roman and Greek ideals

Emphasis on humanism and individualism

Protestant Reformation

starting with Martin Luther's critique of indulgences in 1517, rise of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican Christianity

Yuan Dynasty was replaced by

Ming Dynasty in 1368 and ruled into 16th century

Ming Dynasty was replaced by

Qing Dynasty in 1636 by Manchus who overtook ming china for "seven grievances"

Divine Right of Kings

Similar to mandate of heaven

In England, to oppose the king was to oppose Jesus/God

kings outside of the law because the will of god

Justices of the Peace

Tudor Dynasty (1485-1603) used them to settle legal disputes and carried out the will of the monarch around England

Rise of Absolutism in France

Monarchical system giving absolute power to the king

Louis XIV

was virtually a dictator, combined legislative and judicial system for himself, Built Palace at Versailles to show power

Also decreed that nobles must live at palace to keep them close and avoid rebellion

Devshirme

took christian young boys, made them serve in military or work as janissaries

Janissaries

the elite military corps of the Ottoman empire from the Devshirme system, fiercely loyal to the sultan

Ming Dynasty

Ming Rulers overthrew Yuan Dynasty,

Wanted to remove all traces of mongols

Reintroduced civil service exam and strengthened bureaucracy

Ming Dynasty time period

1368-1644

Japan

was fractured among many daimyo territories, Daimyo were landowning aristocracy who employed samurai for protection,

Tokugawa Shogunate

Tokugawa Ieyasu moved power from daimyo to shogun

Emperor is a symbol of power behind the shogun

Similar to Louis XIV, required daimyo to live in capital city of tokyo as well as their home

Tokugawa Shogunate time period

1603-1868

Akbar

known as greatest ruler of Mughal empire

Established efficient system for managing

Zamindars went around india collecting taxes and settling disputes as administrative power

rulers legitimized power with

Religion, Art, and Architecture

grand gestures or cultural unity

Bhakti Movement

Spiritual and social movement in India

Emphasized importance of personal relationship with a deity; less formal, ritualistic, and traditional

Sufism

Mystic belief system with rituals

Closer to God with prayer and meditation

Emphasis on "brotherhood"

Missionaries spread Islam

Sikhism

Syncretic religion combining Islam (monotheism) and Hinduism (karma and reincarnation), Equality of all people and social justice

Theravada Buddhism

Meditation and simplicity

Mahayana Buddhism

Spread more because of mission to spread

East Asia

Buddhism

Originated in India

Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path

Counter-Reformation

Catholics' attempt to gain back followers

Jesuits, Focusing on the teachings of Jesus

Self-control and moderation

Missionaries

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Clarify Catholic stance on religious questions

Punished "heretics"

Songhai Empire time period

1375-1591

Songhai Empire

Ruled over a large part of West Africa

Capital was city of Gao on Niger River

Known for strong military which led it to expand

Had an advanced government system

Well-organized bureaucracy, highly centralized administration

Xinhai Revolution

1911 Revolution ended imperial rule in China

Incan Empire time period

1200-1533

Incan Empire

by the Andes Mountains

Largest empire in pre-columbian americas

Had an advanced system of government

Well-organized bureaucracy, strong centralized administration

Known for impressive architectural achievements

Roads, aqueducts, terraced agriculture

Aztec (Mexica Empire) time period

1300-1521

Aztec (Mexica Empire)

in central Mexico

sophisticated government system

Organized bureaucracy, strong centralized administration

Architectural and artistic accomplishments

Military prowess

Religion based on worship of a pantheon of gods

Tokugawa shogunate ended why

Meiji restoration ended feudal rule and the empire was deposed in 1868