Cognition/Intelligence Test

The sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error is called

The sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error is called

insight

Functional fixedness refers to

not seeing a new function for a familiar object

Claudia wants to send a fragile vase to her parents for their anniversary, but she can’t find any appropriate packing material in her house. She decides to pop some popcorn and use that to pack around the vase. In this case, Claudia has,

overcome functional fixedness in solving her problem

Eva just upgraded her software package. However even though the updated version contains a number of more efficient methods for working with files, Eva continued to work with files the way she did before the upgrade. In this case, Eva is showing evidence of

mental set

Lance is trying to solve a complex anagram puzzle. He systematically tries every potential solution by testing each possible combination of the letters provided. In this case, Lance is

using an algorithm to solve the anagram

Salvador hates to work through the problems on his calculus assignments step-by-step and he often tries shortcuts that might save him some time. It appears that Salvador prefers to use

heuristics rather than algorithms in solving calculus problems

The availability heuristic implies that people will _____ the frequency of events that are easy to remember and _____ the frequency of events that are hard to remember.

overestimate; underestimate

Zackary’s friend asks how well Zackary gets along with his younger brother. Zackary thinks about how irritating his brother was yesterday, and the big fight they had as a result, and tells his friend he doesn’t get along with his brother at all. in this instance, Zackary’s response is consistent with

the availability heuristic

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to

estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event

Malcolm has been watching a roulette type game at a local charity bazaar. The game has only 10 numbers on the wheel, and every number except 8 has come up as a winner during the last 15 minutes. Malcolm decides to bet $10 on number eight, because it has come up eventually. in this case, Malcolm is showing evidence of

the gambler’s fallacy

The conjunction fallacy is a tendency to

believe that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

Mr. and Mrs. Jones have five daughters. Hoping for a son, they decide to have a sixth child, reasoning that a boy is long overdue. Is their reasoning correct, and why?

No – the probability of a sun is unaffected by the sex of the previous children

Mirabel is on a jury and she is already convinced that the defendant in the case is not guilty. She listens very attentively to everything the defense attorneys have to say, but she tends to pay less attention when the prosecution is presenting evidence. In this instance, Maribel is showing evidence of

a conformational bias

Overestimating the accuracy of your answer illustrates

The overconfidence effect

Researchers presented two groups of physicians with information regarding a surgical procedure. Half the physicians were told that on average 15 out of 100 people die as a result of the surgery; the remaining physicians were told that on average 85 out of 100 people survived the surgery. Based on the framing effect you should expect

The second group of physicians would be more likely to recommend the surgical procedure to their patients

Cognition refers to

The mental processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge

You have a pair of pliers and a bag of nuts in the shell. You are lamenting the fact that you can’t shell the nuts because you do not have a nutcracker. Your inability to perceive the pliers as a makeshift nutcracker demonstrates _____ on your part.

functional fixedness

A methodical step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem is

an algorithm

Vivian is making a quiche for the very first time. She carefully follows the step-by-step directions provided in her cookbook in this case Vivian is using

an algorithm to help her prepare the quiche

A mental “rule of thumb” for problem-solving is referred to as

a heuristic

Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which instances come to mind is called the

Availability heuristic

You can’t think of a single instance when cathy helped you out and so you decide that cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on

the availability heuristic

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events generate a great deal of media coverage, they are using

The availability heuristic

Juliana used to enjoy eating chicken, but since she has seen all the headlines about people becoming ill from eating chicken, she has decided she will never eat chicken again. In this case, Juliana’s decision to stop eating chicken may have been influenced by

The availability heuristic

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to

estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event

After seeing your new neighbor walking very stiffly and primly by your house wearing horn-rimmed glasses on a chain, a cardigan sweater, and her hair in a bun, you decide she must be a librarian. Your judgment is based on

The representativeness heuristic

Byron has been watching his new neighbor for a week. She drives a sporty car, carries cell phone, and wears nothing but blue suits. Byron decides his new neighbor must be a lawyer. In this case, Byron must seem to have an opinion about his new neighbors occupation based on

The representativeness heuristic

When Dave started driving, he had to use a navigation system to get around his city. Over time, Dave could drive through his city without the navigation system because he knew the names of all the roads and had a visual image in his mind of where they are. Dave has most likely developed a _____ of his city.

Cognitive map

Bob and Marcus packed everything they thought they would need for a camping trip. When it rained and they realized they had not brought rain gear, Bob said "I knew we should have packed raincoats." Bob's thinking illustrates which of the following concepts?

Hindsight bias

Molly wants to change her college major but decided not to because she is close to finishing. She believes that the time she has spent in her current program will be wasted if she changes now. Molly is experiencing

the sunk-cost fallacy

Metacognition refers to

thinking about thinking

Most tests using the deviation IQ set mean at _____ and the standard deviation at _____.

100; 15

In comparison to most other types of psychological tests, IQ tests tend to be

exceptionally reliable

In which of the following cases is the correlation between IQ scores the lowest?

siblings reared apart

The fact that the correlation in IQ scores between identical twins reared apart is lower than that between identical twins reared together suggests that

environmental factors can have an influence on intellectual development

The consensus among researchers is that _____ percent of one's intelligence is inherited.

around 50%

Which of the following would constitute the strongest evidence for environmental influence in intelligence?

similarity in IQ between adopted children and their foster parents

Which of the following appears to be the most responsible for ethnic differences in IQ?

the cultural disadvantages associated with a lower-class upbringing

When compared to children from middle- and upper-class backgrounds, lower-class children tend to

all of these factors

Which of the following is not one of the seven types of intelligence proposed by Gardner?

emotional

Creativity involves the generation of ideas that are

original, novel, and useful

The test you are now taking is an example of

an achievement test

If 80% of those who provided the basis for the test norms for a test earned scores below your score, you would be at the

80th percentile

In a normal distribution of information, most persons will be found

in the center of the distribution

Any psychological test should be seen as

a sample of a person's behavior

An elementary school child is given a test designed to determine whether or not she should be placed in a class of "gifted" children. The test is probably

an intelligence test

An achievement test measures

a person's mastery and knowledge of a subject

At the end of her calculus course, Mary takes a test to determine how well she has mastered the material. Her calculus test is primarily

an achievement test

Interested in learning how to fly airplanes, Roger has just taken a test designed to predict how well he is likely to do in a pilot training program. Roger has taken a(n)

aptitude test

Exams given at the end of a course to determine how much you have learned in the course are most appropriately called

achievement tests

The fact that two people taking the same test in two different places will receive the same instructions, the same questions, and the same time limits means that the test has been

standardized

If a psychological test is to tell you how you score relative to other people, the following must be developed

test norms

If 30 percent of a reference group scored higher than you on a test, your score would be at the

70th percentile

An individual's percentile score is the percentage of people who

score at or below his or her score

If a test yields nearly identical scores when it is retaken after a 2-month interval, the test is said to be

reliable

Test-retest procedures are used to determine a test's

reliability

Which of the following represents the strongest test-retest reliability for a test?

.90

If a test accurately measures what it was designed to measure, we would say that the test is

valid

The degree to which the items on a test are representative of the "domain" it is supposed to cover is referred to as

content validity

If you wanted to be able to predict how successful you would be at being an engineer, you would take a test that measured your potential for this profession. It is hoped that the test would be high in

criterion-related validity

The correlation between a group's scores on an industrial aptitude test and actual performance on the industrial job would describe the test's

criterion-related validity

When tested on the Stanford-Binet, Ada is found to have a mental age of 8. This means that

her performance was as good as that of an average 8-year-old child

If a child's chronological age matches his or her mental age, then the child's IQ would be approximately

100

Jerome is 8 years old and has been determined to have a mental age of 10. What is Jerome's IQ?

125

Maranda tells you that her 12-year-old cousin recently completed an intelligence test that translated raw scores into deviation IQ scores. Maranda knows that her cousin's score was 75, but she is not sure what this means. You should tell her that her cousin

scored below the mean for 12-year-olds

Since IQ scores are assumed to be normally distributed, an IQ score of 100 would put you

at the center of the normal curve

In convergent thinking one attempts to

narrow down a list of alternatives to solve a problem

The letters of IQ stand for

intelligence quotient

In analyzing factors in intelligence, Charles Speaman emphasized a general intelligence factor known as

g

Lanette is arguing with her professor that questions on her last test were not covered during lectures or in the textbook. Lanette is basically arguing that the test was not

content valid

If a child's chronological age matches his or her mental age, then the child's IQ would be approximately

100

Howard Gardner has tried to expand our thinking on intelligence, contending that traditional IQ tests are too narrowly focused on verbal and mathematical skills. In addition to these, his list of human intelligence includes

spatial, musical, and interpersonal skills

Your group has been considering various ideas for a group project for the past three weeks. You currently have 16 different ideas, but you're required to hand in your final topic selection in class tomorrow morning. This task will be easiest to complete if most of your group members are skilled in which of the following?

convergent thinking