Strayer, Ways of the World with Sources for the AP® Modern Course Since 1300 C.E., 5E, Chapter 13

age of fossil fuels

Twentieth-century shift in energy production with increased use of coal, oil, and natural gas, resulting in the widespread availability of electricity and the internal combustion engine; a major source of the greenhouse gases that drive climate change.

communication revolution

Modern transformation of communication technology, from the nineteenth-century telegraph to the present-day smart phone.

economic globalization

The deepening economic entanglement of the world’s peoples, especially since 1950; accompanied by the spread of industrialization in the Global South and extraordinary economic growth following World War II; the process has also generated various forms of inequality and resistance as well as increasing living standards for many.

Asian Tigers

Nickname for the East Asian countries of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong, which experienced remarkable export-driven economic growth in the late twentieth century.

Bretton Woods system

Name for the agreements and institutions (including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) set up in 1944 to regulate commercial and financial dealings among the major capitalist countries.

transnational corporations

Global businesses that produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries; growing in number since the 1960s, some have more assets and power than many countries.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An international body now representing 164 nations and charged with negotiating the rules for global commerce and promoting free trade; its meetings have been the site of major anti-globalization protests since 1999.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Free trade agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, established in 1984. It was replaced in 2020 by a new agreement among the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

consumerism

A culture of leisure and consumption that developed during the past century or so in tandem with global economic growth and an enlarged middle class; emerged first in the Western world and later elsewhere.

export-processing zones (EPZs)

Areas where international companies can operate with tax and other benefits, offered as an incentive to attract manufacturers.

service sector

Industries like government, medicine, education, finance, and communication that have grown due to increasing consumerism, population, and communication technologies.

informal economy

Also known as the “shadow” economy; refers to unofficial, unregulated, and untaxed economic activity.

one-child family policy (China)

Chinese policy of population control that lasted from 1980 to 2014; used financial incentives and penalties to promote birth control, sterilization, and abortions in an effort to limit most families to a single child.

Women’s Department (USSR)

A distinctive organization, known as Zhenotdel, within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that worked to promote equality for women in the 1920s with conferences, publications, and education.

second-wave feminism

Women’s rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda from earlier women’s suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women’s right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.

feminism in the Global South

Mobilization of women across Asia, Africa, and Latin America; distinct from Western feminism because of its focus on issues such as colonialism, racism, and poverty, rather than those exclusively related to gender.