Biol 325 Principles of Human Anatomy - Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards based on Biol 325 Principles of Human Anatomy lecture notes, focusing on key concepts and definitions for exam review.

What are the primary sex organs in males and females, and what do they produce?

Ovaries (females) produce oocytes, and testes (males) produce sperm.

What are the 4 major tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

What is the integument and what are its layers?

The integument is the skin. Its layers are the epidermis and dermis.

What is the vertebral column divided into?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.

What are the structural classifications of joints?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

What are the functional classifications of joints?

Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), and diarthrosis (freely movable).

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

What are the regions of the human brain?

Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A division of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions via sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, targeting smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

What are the major classes of hormones?

Amino acid-based hormones, peptide hormones, and lipid-derived (steroid) hormones.

What are the fractions of blood?

Plasma, buffy coat and erythrocytes.

What are the chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle.

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

Alveoli.

What are the layers of the GI tract?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (or adventitia).

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Filtration of blood, regulation of blood volume and pressure, electrolyte balance, and waste excretion.

What are the major processes of the nephron to produce urine?

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

What is the purpose of gametogenesis?

Production of gametes (sperm and oocytes) through meiosis.

What are the stages of pre-embryonic development?

Zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, and implantation.

What are the primary germ layers?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.