A-Level Biology Notes Flashcards

A-Level Biology flashcards in a fill-in-the-blank format, automatically generated to help you study.

_ is formed by combination of adenine, ribose, phosphate group

adenosine triphosphate

The movement of ions across a selectively-permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient is known as _.

chemiosmosis

H+ can only pass through the inner membrane via membrane protein called _

ATP synthase

Production of ATP via chemiosmosis in mitochondria is called _.

oxidative phosphorylation

The splitting (lysis of glucose) is known as _

glycolysis

Glycolysis takes place in the _

cytoplasm

The link reaction takes place in the _

mitochondrial matrix

The citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle is also known as _

Krebs cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the _

inner mitochondrial membrane

The _ of the mitochondria is smooth

outer membrane

The _ of the mitochondria is folded into cristae, gives large surface membrane

inner membrane

_ accepts 2 electrons and 1 proton when reduced

NAD

_ accepts 2 H+ when reduced

FAD

Alcoholic fermentation and lactic fermentation are two _.

anaerobic pathways

Glucose to ethanol is known as _

alcoholic fermentation

Pyruvate acts as H acceptor and converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase is known as _

lactic fermentation

‘Paying back’ oxygen deficit is known as _

oxygen debt

Stems contain loosely-packed cells forming tissue called _which allows gases to diffuse through it to other parts of plant, including parts underwater

aerenchyma

Pigments in chloroplasts are arranged in light-harvesting clusters called _

photosystems

The _ are two forms of chlorophyll and act as reaction centres

primary pigments

The splitting of H2O via photolysis to give H+ ions (protons) and synthesis of ATP in phosphorylation are part of the _

light dependent reactions

_ involves only photosystem I

cyclic photophosphorylation

_ involves both photosystems I and II; Z-scheme

non-cyclic photophosphorylation

The light independent reactions are also knwon as the _

Calvin cycle

In carbon fixation, CO2 attaches to 5C sugar, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate catalysed by enzyme _

rubisco

The _ is the site for the Calvin cycle

stroma

The stroma contains a system of membranes, which is a series of flattened fluid-filled sacs called _

thylakoids

A stack of thylakoid forms _

grana

Cells that contain RuBP and rubisco are arranged around the vascular bundles, and are called _

bundle sheath cells

_ are primary pigments

chlorophylls

_ are accessory pigments

carotenoids

_ maintains constant environment for cells in body

homeostasis

Cell’s immediate environment is _

tissue fluid

_ keeps changes in factor within narrow limits around a set point

negative feedback

_ is the central control for body temp. in brain

hypothalamus

Muscles in walls of arterioles that supply blood to capillaries near skin surface contract is known as _

vasoconstriction

Muscles in arterioles in skin relax is known as _

vasodilation

Involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles generate heat is known as _

shivering

Removal of toxins/unwanted products of metabolism is known as _

excretion

The removal of amino groups from amino acids is known as _

deamination

The _ brings blood to kidney

renal artery

The _ brings blood out of kidney

renal vein

The _ is the narrow tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder

ureter

The _ are tiny tubes making up the cortex; one end of the tube forms Bowman’s Capsule

nephrons

The _ is a tight network of capillaries; each glomerulus supplied with blood by branch of renal artery called afferent arteriole

glomerulus

The _ is a long hairpin loop in medulla; creates very high concentration of sodium and chloride ions in tissue fluid in medulla

loop of Henle

Blood in glomerular capillaries separated from lumen of Bowman’s capsule by two cell layers and basement membrane in a process known as _

ultrafiltration

Epithelial cells make up inner lining of Bowman’s capsule, have tiny finger-like projections with gaps between them called _

podocytes

Control of water potential of body fluids is known as _

osmoregulation

_ acts on cell surface membranes of collecting duct, makes them more permeable to water

ADH

_ is a water-permeable channels in surface membranes of collecting duct cells

aquaporin

α cells and ß cells are found in the _

islets of Langerhans

_ is sugar diabetes

diabetes mellitus

In conditions of water stress, _ is produced to stimulate stomatal closure

abscisic acid

_ transmit impulses from CNS to effectors

motor neurones

_ affects speed of conduction of nerve impulse

myelin sheath

The small uncovered areas of axon between Schwann cells are known as _

nodes of Ranvier

Brief changes in distribution of electrical charge across cell surface membrane are called _

action potentials

The difference in electrical potential of inside axon and outside axon is known as _

resting potential

The gap between two neurones is known as _

synaptic cleft

The cell surface membrane of striated muscle is known as _

sarcolemma

The cytoplasm of striated muscle is known as _

sarcoplasm

parallel bundles of _ are found inside cardiac cells

myofibrils

Hormonal communication provides control by _

hormones

The secondary follicle develops into _

Graafian follicle

After ovulation, the remaining tissue forms _

corpus luteum

The endometrium maintains until corpus luteum degenerates in the _

uterus

Follicle collapses to form corpus luteum (yellow body) which secretes progesterone and oestrogen, and is shed it's gamete into the _

oviduct

Contains synthetic steroid hormones to suppress ovulation is known as _

birth control pill

Action potentials are an example of _ in plant cells

electrical communication

Plant hormones/growth regulators are an example of _ in plant cells

chemical communication

Principal auxins are _

IAA (indole 3-acetic acid)

A photograph or diagram of a set of chromosomes from an individual is known as a _

karyogram

Pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell that have same structure as each other, with same genes at same loci is known as _

homologous chromosomes

A length of DNA that codes for particular protein or polypeptide is known as a _

gene

A particular variety of gene is known as an _

allele

The position at which particular gene is found on particular chromosome is known as a _

locus

An organism’s characteristics, often resulting from an interaction between its genotype and its environment is known as a _

phenotype

Offspring resulting from a cross between an organism with a homozygous dominant genotype, and one with a homozygous recessive genotype is known as a _

F1 generation

Offspring resulting from a cross between two F1 (heterozygous) organisms is known as a _

F2 generation

Genetic cross in which an organism showing a characteristic caused by a dominant allele is crossed with an organism that is homozygous recessive is known as a _

test cross

Homologous chromosomes pair up in a process called _

synapsis

formation of male gametes is also known as _

spermatogenesis

formation of female gametes is also known as _

oogenesis

When gene has more than two alleles is known as _

multiple alleles

Gene found in a part of X chromosome, part not present in Y is known as _

sex linkage

Inheritance of two genes at once is also known as _

dihybrid crosses

When two or more gene loci are on same chromosome, they do not assort independently in meiosis, and said to be _

automosal linkage

An unpredictable change in genetic material of an organism are known as _

mutations

The _ controls gene expression in prokaryote

lac operon

_ have more ways to regulate gene expression than prokaryotes

eukaryotes

_ caused by independent assortment of chromosomes and alleles during meiosis

genetic variation

Quantitative and difficult to distinguish is known as _

continuous variation

Qualitative and easily distinguishable is known as _

discontinuous variation

Extent of organism’s adaptation to environment; capacity of an organism to survive and transmit genotype to offspring is known as _

fitness

Effects of selection pressures on frequency of alleles in population and raises frequency of alleles conferring an advantage and reduce those with disadvantage is also known as _

natural selection

Mutation may give rise to harmful/neutral/_ alleles

positive

Changes in allele frequency in population are basis of _

evolution

Further genetic drift alters allele frequencies more, causing different direction of evolution from parent population also known as _

founder effect

Desired features are chosen for breeding, where the process are repeated over generations until ‘disadvantageous’ alleles almost entirely lost in_

selective breeding