I&CD Chapter 13

Psychosocial Maturation

Growth in independence, responsibility, and social awareness.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson’s stage focused on competence and achievement during middle childhood.

Self-Concept

A child’s understanding of their own abilities and characteristics.

Social Comparison

Evaluating oneself by comparing to others.

Self-Esteem

Overall evaluation of one’s worth or competence.

Cultural Influences on Self-Esteem

Ways culture shapes how children define success and competence.

Resilience

Ability to adapt and recover from adversity.

Cumulative Stress

Exposure to multiple stressors over time.

Family as a Buffer

The protective role of supportive family relationships.

Cognitive Coping

Using thinking strategies to manage stress.

Parentification

When a child takes on adult responsibilities due to family stress.

Shared Environment

Family influences that make siblings similar.

Nonshared Environment

Experiences that make siblings different.

Nature and Nurture

Interaction between genetics and environment in development.

Family Structure

The composition of a family unit.

Family Function

How a family meets emotional, social, and practical needs.

Economic Hardship

Financial stress that increases family strain.

Global Poverty

Widespread economic deprivation affecting children worldwide.

Family Conflict

Exposure to parental conflict that affects child behavior and emotional health.

Peer Groups

Groups of children who interact regularly.

Child Culture

Customs, rules, and traditions created and passed down among children.

Friendship (Middle Childhood)

Relationships marked by loyalty, trust, and shared values.

Popular Children

Children who are well-liked and socially skilled.

Unpopular Children

Children who are neglected or rejected by peers.

Bullying

Repeated aggressive behavior involving power imbalance.

Physical Bullying

Hitting or physical harm.

Verbal Bullying

Teasing or verbal abuse.

Relational Bullying

Damaging relationships or social status.

Cyberbullying

Bullying using digital technology.

Bully-Victim

A child who is both a bully and a victim.

Empathy

Ability to understand and share the feelings of others.

Moral Development

Growth in understanding right and wrong.

Piaget’s Moral Development

View that morality develops through cognitive maturation.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

Theory describing stages of moral reasoning.

Moral Dilemmas

Hypothetical situations used to study moral reasoning.

Teaching Morality

Encouraging moral development through discussion and example.