Abnormal Psychology Test 2

Conditions involving physical complaints or disabilities that occur in the absence of any physical pathology that could account for them are ____.

Somatic symptom disorders

Individuals with somatic symptom disorders ____.

Experience distressing bodily symptoms that cause impairment

Approximately __% of doctor visits are the result of complaints by individuals who are worried that something is seriously wrong, even though no medical cause is found to explain their symptoms.

20

According to the revisions made for DSM-5, most people previously diagnosed with ____ will be now diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder.

Hypochondriasis

Arthur is obsessively watching the news about an outbreak of a particularly dangerous strain of the flu. Although he hasn’t been exposed to the flu and has had a flu shot, Arthur is convinced that the slight pain in his arms is a sign of the flu; he is unable to sleep, worrying about his health. Arthur is exhibiting classic signs of ____.

Hypochondriasis

True or False: According to the DSM-V, individuals must be experiencing dysfunctional thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors, along with chronic somatic symptoms for somatic symptom disorder to be diagnosed.

True

A person suffering from somatic symptom disorder might think …

A sore throat is a major problem. It could be cancer or some other deadly disease, no matter what the doctor says.

Davis and Azra eat dinner together after work. Several hours later, each starts to develop nausea and stomach pains. Davis has a somatic symptom disorder, Azra does not. Most likely, ____.

Davis will think that he has stomach cancer, and Azra will think that the food he ate made him sick.

If Raul is typical of people with somatic symptom disorder, he may ____.

Avoid accepting a psychological explanation for his problems.

Maggie notices a lump on her side. She goes to her physician because she is worried that it is cancer. Her physician sends her for a biopsy. During the three weeks between first noticing the lump and getting her test results that it is not cancer, Maggie was almost unable to function. she felt constant anxiety and thought nonstop about having cancer. After she found out that she did not have cancer, Maggie felt much better. Maggie has ____.

No mental disorder

What do all mood disorders have in common?

They are characterized by emotional extremes

What are two key moods involved in mood disorders?

Mania and depression

True or false: Major depressive disorder is the most prevalent mood disturbance.

True

In order to meet the criteria for a major depressive episode, a person must have ____.

Disinterest in pleasurable activities for at least two weeks

One criterion for diagnosing a manic episode is ____.

Increasing and unusual talkativeness

The main difference between a manic episode and a hypomanic episode is ____.

The amount of social and occupational impairment

Five months after her husband’s death, Corina was still not herself. She often forgot to feed the dog, was late for work on a regular basis, and had not yet taken his clothes out of the closet. Which diagnosis could apply to Corina, according to the DSM-5?

Major depressive disorder

True or False: Rates of unipolar depression are directly related to socioeconomic status (SES)

False

Which of the following is a symptom of major depressive disorder? Checking and rechecking things, indecisiveness, running thoughts, or impulsive spending.

Indecisiveness

Brandy tells her therapist that she hasn’t been enjoying life lately. She says that for the past couple of months, she hasn’t felt like doing the things she used to love to do. She also lost a lot of weight and sleeps much more than usual, but still she feels tired all the time. She says she can’t concentrate on anything. However, she denies feeling sad. Brandy’s most likely diagnosis is ____.

Major depressive disorder

What eating disorder accounts for the highest morbidity and mortality rates?

Anorexia nervosa

What accounts for the highest morbidity and mortality rates related to food intake?

Obesity

In 2015, _____ passed a law in regards to the models shown in advertising.

France

What sport in college my promote anorexia nervosa and behaviors associated with it?

Wrestling

What are the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa?

1. Restriction of energy intake leading to a significantly low body weight

2. Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat

3. Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced

What are the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa?

1. Recurrent episodes of binge eating

2. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain

3. Binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once a week for 3 months

4. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight

5. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa

When was the first documented medical case of anorexia nervosa published?

1689

True or false: Misuse of laxatives is a characteristic of the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia

True

Anastasia has anorexia nervosa, restricting type. Because of this, you could expect her to ____.

Cut up her food into little pieces when she eats

Sheena is 5’6’’ tall and weighs 92 pounds. She is very concerned about her weight. At times, however, she finds herself eating large amounts of food—several boxes of cookies, gallons of ice cream, entire cakes—all in one evening. Afterwards, she makes herself throw up. Sheena’s most likely diagnosis is ____.

Anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type

True or false: The maladaptive behaviors present must be stable across time for a personality disorder diagnosis

True

Unlike disorders such as depression and PTSD …

Personality disorders develop gradually

The three “clusters” of personality disorders found in the DSM-5 are grouped based on ____.

Symptom or feature similarities

Edmund has been diagnosed with a Cluster A disorder. What is likely a significant characteristic of Edmund’s personality?

Oddness or eccentricity

Which of the following is a Cluster C personality disorder? Avoidant, schizoid, paranoid, or depressive

Avoidant

What is the most common disorder diagnosed in women?

Anxiety

True or False: Decision fatigue is a component of depression

False

If we don’t treat depression, we can expect a lessoning of symptoms after approximately ____.

6-9 months

Bipolar I Disorder

A form of bipolar disorder in which the person experiences both manic (or mixed) episodes and major depressive episodes

Bipolar II Disorder

A form of bipolar disorder in which the person experiences both hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes

Depression

Emotional state characterized by extraordinary sadness or dejection

Depressive Episode

Period of markedly depressed mood or loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities (or both) for at least 2 weeks, accompanied by other symptoms such as changes in sleep or appetite or feelings of worthlessness

Hypomanic Episode

A condition lasting at least 4 days in which a person experiences abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. At least 3/7 other designated symptoms similar to those in a manic episode must also be present but to a lesser degree than mania

Major Depressive Disorder

Moderate-to-severe mood disorder in which a person experiences only major depressive episodes but no hypomanic, manic, or mixed episodes

Manic Episode

A condition in which a person shows markedly elevated, euphoric, or expansive mood, often interrupted by occasional outbursts of intense irritability or even violence that lasts for at least 1 week. In addition, at least 3/7 other designated symptoms must also occur

Mixed Episode

A condition in which a person is characterized by symptoms of both full-blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week, whether the symptoms are intermixed or alternate rapidly every few days.

Mood Disorders

Disturbances of mood that are intense and persistent enough to be clearly maladaptive

Unipolar Depressive Disorder

Mood disorder in which a person experiences only depressive episodes, as opposed to bipolar disorder, in which both manic and depressive episodes occur

Derealization

Experience in which the external world is perceived as distorted and lacking a stable and palpable existence

Dissociation

The human mind’s capacity to mediate complex mental activity in channels split off from or independent of conscious awareness

Dissociative Disorders

Conditions involving a disruption in an individual’s normally integrated functions of consciousnesses, memory, or identity

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Condition in which a person manifests at least two or more distinct identities or personality states that alternate in some way in taking control of behavior. Formerly called multiple personality disorder

Factitious Disorder

Feigning of symptoms to maintain the personal benefits that a sick role may provide, including the attention and concern of medical personnel or family members

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A new DSM-5 diagnosis characterized by somatic symptoms and an excessive focus on these symptoms

Anorexia Nervosa

Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming “fat” coupled with refusal to maintain adequate nutrition and with severe loss of body weight

Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)

Distinct from non purging bulimia nervosa, whereby binging is not accompanied by inappropriate compensatory behavior to limit weight gain

Bulimia Nervosa

Frequent occurrence of binge-eating episodes accompanied by a sense of loss of control over eating and recurrent inappropriate behavior such as purging or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain

Negative Affect

The experience of an emotional state characterized by negative emotions. Such negative emotions might include anger, anxiety, irritability, and sadness

Obesity

The condition of having elevated fat masses in the body. Having a BMI of 30 or higher

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

Disorder characterized by continual violation of and disregard for the rights of others through deceitful, aggressive, or antisocial behavior, typically without remorse or loyalty to anyone

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Extreme social inhibition and introversion, hypersensitivity to criticism and rejection, limited social relationships, and low self-esteem

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Impulsivity and instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and moods

Dependent Personality Disorder

Extreme dependence on others, particularly the need to be taken care of, leading to clinging and submissive behavior

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Excessive attention seeking, emotional instability, and self-dramatization

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Exaggerated sense of self-importance, preoccupation with being admired, and lack of empathy for the feelings of others

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

Perfectionism and excessive concern with maintaining order, control, and adherence to rules

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Pervasive suspiciousness and distrust of others

Personality Disorder

Gradual development of inflexible and distorted personality and behavioral patterns that result in persistently maladaptive ways of perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world

Psychopathy

A condition involving the features of antisocial personality disorder and such traits as lack of empathy, inflated and arrogant self-appraisal, and glib and superficial charm

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Inability to form social relationships or express feelings, and lack of interest in doing so

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Disorder characterized by excessive introversion, pervasive social interpersonal deficits, cognitive and perceptual distortions, and eccentricities in communication and behavior

__% of people diagnosed with major depressive disorder will experience a recurrence

50

What personality disorders fall into Cluster A?

Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

What personality disorders fall into Cluster B?

Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial, Borderline

What personality disorders fall into Cluster C?

Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

__% of the population has a personality disorder

10

Which cluster of personality disorders is the most prevalent?

Cluster C

What is considered episodic drinking according to the WHO?

6 drinks in one sitting, one time a month

What percentage of people have an alcohol use disorder?

30%

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder

A condition characterized by a persisting memory deficit that is sometimes accompanied by falsification of events

Alcohol Use Disorder

A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium

Acute delirium associated with withdrawal from alcohol after prolonged heavy consumption; characterized by intense anxiety, tremors, fever and sweating, and hallucinations

Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathway (MCLP)

Center of psychoactive drug activation in the brain. This area is involved in the release of dopamine and in mediating the rewarding properties of drugs

Reward Deficiency Syndrome

A hypothesis suggesting that addiction is more likely to occur in individuals who have a genetic predisposition to be less satisfied by natural rewards, which leads them to overuse drugs as a way to adequately stimulate their reward pathway

Substance Abuse

Maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the use of the substance

Is alcohol a depressant or a stimulant?

Both (Environmental stimulant but chemical depressant)