4, 5, 6

What are some important technological innovations from 1450 to 1750?

Lateen sail, Astrolabe, Compass (perfected by the Chinese), Portuguese caravels, Spanish galleons, Venetian galleys.

What was a primary cause of state-sponsored exploration during 1450 to 1750?

To discover new trade routes to East and South Asia.

How did Portugal benefit from state-sponsored exploration?

Portugal established a massive Indian Ocean trade empire.

What was one significant effect of the Columbian Exchange?

The introduction of diseases like smallpox and malarial diseases impacted indigenous populations.

What is mercantilism?

A system where European governments controlled their colonies and the wealth generated from them.

Who were mestizos?

Individuals of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

What led to the development of labor unions during the Industrial Age?

Workers sought better working conditions, shorter hours, and higher wages.

What significant changes occurred due to industrialization?

Increased standards of living for some, urbanization, and the concentration of production in factories.

What was the purpose of the 'White Man's Burden'?

The belief that Western nations had a responsibility to 'civilize' the rest of the world.

Give an example of a rebellion against imperialism during the 19th century.

The Sepoy Mutiny in India.

What type of farming became prominent in the New World due to the Columbian Exchange?

Cash crops like cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane.

What caused migration patterns to change from 1750 to 1900?

New transportation methods like steamships and railroads, and urbanization.

What are the names of two syncretic religions developed during this time?

Vodun (Haiti) and Santeria.

What were the results of industrial production in the factory system?

Specialization of labor and concentration of production in a single location.

What was a significant outcome of the Enlightenment?

Challenging existing ideas on government and human rights, leading to rebellions.

What is the impact of the steam engine on industrialization?

It accelerated the pace of industrialization in Europe and the United States.

Define 'Joint Stock Companies'.

Companies that sold shares to finance their operations and trading ventures.

What role did nationalism play in the revolutions from 1750 to 1900?

It fostered independence movements and revolutions around the world.

Which vegetables were exchanged to Europe from the Americas through the Columbian Exchange?

Corn, tomatoes, potatoes, and chocolate.

What major societal changes were fostered by industrialization?

Emergence of new social classes, particularly the working class and middle class.

What were some internal challenges to state power from 1450 to 1750?

Pueblo Revolts in Mexico, The Fronde in France, Cossack Revolts in Russia.

What was one major economic development that occurred due to industrialization?

The development of global banking systems to support international trade.

Name one reaction to industrialization.

The rise of labor unions seeking better working conditions.