4, 5, 6

Topic 4.1: Technological Innovations from 1450 to 1750

IMPORTANT INNOVATIONS MADE IN 1450 to 1750

• Lateen sail

• Astrolabe

• Compass (perfected by the Chinese)

• Types of boats: Portuguese caravels, Spanish galleons, Venetian galleys

Topic 4.2: Exploration -Causes and events from 1450-1750

1. State sponsored exploration of new regions

• Why: To discover new trade routes to East and South Asia

• How: Through sponsorship of voyages. Investment in explorations would give financial rewards through increased trade and new markets

2. Effects of state-sponsored exploration

• Portugal: Massive Indian Ocean trade empire

• Spain: Controlled much of the Americas

• England Gained control of eastern North America, Australia, and New Zealand 

• France: Gain control of Canada and much of the Caribbean

3. Trans-Atlantic voyages increased in travel to the New World. Colonies develop under the control of the Spanish, French, Portuguese, English, and Dutch

Topic 4:3 The Columbian Exchange

Exchanges that took place:

1. Disease (Malaria, Plague, TB, Smallpox, Measles)

2. Foods (corn, tomatoes, potatoes, chocolate) to Europe: bananas, rice, wheat, okra arrived in the Americas. Cash crops began to be grown on plantation in the New World (Cotton, tobacco, sugarcane)

3. The Afro-Eurasian dit improved dramatically with the introduction of new foods from to Americas

Topic 4.4: Maritime Empires Established

1. European nations established trading posts in Africa and Asia: some Asaian states attempted to stop this with tariffs and isolationism (China, Japan)

2. Along with increased trade, European nations spread Christianity to the new regions, particularly in the Americas

3. New African states emerge to take advantage of European trade, particularly the Asante in West Africa and the Kingdom of the Kongo in Central Africa

Topic 4.5: MARITIME EMPIRES MAINTAINED AND DEVELOPED

• Mercantilism: European governments enacted laws and policies to control its new colonies and the money made in them. Essentially colonies were prevented from trading with territories not controlled by the mother country.

• Joint Stock Companies: sold stock in the company to help finance.  

Triangular Trade

• Europe -> Africa: Manufactured Goods

• Africas -> America: Slaves

• American -> Europe: Raw Materials and Gold

Flow of Silver Americas -> Europe -> China 

New Social Patterns: 

Blending Afro-Eurasian and Amerindian groups

• Mestizos: ½ Native, ½ European

• Mulattoes: ½ African, ½ European

• Creoles: European ancestry born in the New War (ex: Alexander Hamilton - Barbados)
  
  

Syncretic Religions: 

• Vodun (Haiti)

• Santeria

4.6: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHALLENGES TO STATE POWER FROM 1450 to 1750

Challenges to state power

1. Pueblo Revolts - Mexico

2. The Fronde - France

3. Cossack Revolts - Russia

4. King Philip's War (Metacom) English colonies

5. Maroon societies - Caribbean

Topic 4.7: Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 to 1750

Mughals and Ottomans: Religious toleration through government laws

 New political elites: Mandarins (Qing), janissaries (Ottoman), American colonists 

Expulsions and persecutions:

1. Russian Boyars

2. Reconquista in Spain (expulsion of Jews/Muslims)

Unit 5 Review Slides: Revolutions

5.1: The Enlightenment

1. The Enlightenment was a period during which philosophers would debate and apply scientific principles to governments and the understanding of human rights

2. New Enlightenment ideas challenged existed European ideas on government (absolutism) led to rebellion against rebellion

3. Enlightenment ideas included the expansion of right, the ensign of slavery and the extension of suffrage

4. Feminism gained a foothold across the world (Mary Wollstonecraft)

5.2: Nationalism and Revolutions in the period 1750-1900

1. Nationalism developed around common languages, religions, social customs, and territory. Governments uses to foster a sense of national unity

2. Nationalism fostered revolution revolution and independence movements movements around the world (USA, France, Germany, Italy, Latin America, Haiti) and reactions to revolution (Ottoman, Russia, Austria)

3. SOme were successful (USA,Haiti); others were not (France)

4. The revolutions often had democratic/liberal ideals (USA/France)

5.3: The Industrial Revolution begins

1. Proximity to waterways (rivers and canals)

2. Proximity to coal, iron, and timber

3. Urbanization

4. Improved agricultural productivity

5. Legal protection of private property

6.  Access to foreign resources (trade)

7. Accumulation/access to capital

Results of Industrial Production:

• The Factory System

• Specialization of labor

• Production was now concentrated in a single location

5.4: Industrialization Spread in the Period from 1750 to 1900

1. The development of the steam engine accelerated the pace of industrialization in Europe and the United States during the 19th century

2. Areas outside the core of industrialization (Asia, Africa, Middle East, Latin America) primarily became producers of raw materials (Ex; Textile production in India)

3. Eventually, Russia and Japan would start to industrialize as well after solving problems.

Topic 5.5: Tech in the Industrial Age

1. Steam engine

2. Fossil Fuels (Coal, Petroleum)

3. Internal combustion nd diesel engines

4. Steel 

5. Electricity

6. Railroads

7. Steamships

8. Telegraph 

• These inventions made it easier for industrial nations to exploit colonies and less-industrialized nations

• They also enables increased migration between countries and continents 

• They also enabled increased trade between nations and colonies

5.6: Industrialization - Gov’s rule

1. Some states promoted industrialization (Egypt Under Muhammed Ali - Cotton textiles)

2. Some states were forced to industrialize to survive expansion by Europe and the USA. (Japan and the Meiji Restoration)

5.7: Economic Developments and Innovation in the Industrial Age

1. Free trade became the norm, mostly due to the philosophies of Adam Smith and laissez-faire capitalism 

2. Global banking systems developed to aid the new international nature of business and trade

3. For many in industrialized nation, standards of living increased and the variety and quality of industrial goods for purchase improved

5.8: Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900

Types of Reactions to industrialization:

1. The Rise of Labor Unions - the sought better working conditions, less working hours, higher wages

2. The Rise of Marxism, communism, and socialism- opposed the capitalist power structure and sought to redistribute wealth to the workers

3. Some nations sought to modernize their states, with limited success and oftentimes with reactionary resistance from elites. Examples: Ottomans (Tanzimat Reforms/Young Turks), Qing China (Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion)

5.9 Society and the Industrial Age

1. New social classes: Working class and the Middle Class

2. Working Class - women worked and raised children

3. Middle class- women raised children (nomically) and focused on raising the status of the Family

4. New Challenges: Pollution, increased poverty, increased crime, health crises (cancer TB, Cholera, Measles), housing shortages, lack of infrastructures  in urban areas)

Topic 5.10: Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age

1. Industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and the availability of food increased

2. Railroads, steamships and the telegraph allowed for increased exploration, development, and communication. They led to increased mobility, migration and trade

3. New ideas emerged through the Enlightenment, particularly those of democracy and human rights. They often led to rebellion and revolutions\ Nationalism began to shape the development of states and empires

   6.1: Rationales of Imperialism 1750 to 1900

   1. Social Darwinism- the belief that the wealthy and powerful were superior and had a right to control and exploit the inferior.

   2. Nationalism - the desire to make one’s nation “great”. Colonies were seen as a “status symbol” for nations.

   3. “White Man’s Burden” - western nations had a responsibility to “civilize” the rest of the world and to spread their culture to the “uncivilized”

   4. Converting the “unsaved”, The indigenous peoples represented a large market for Christian missionaries.

   6.2: State Expansion from 1750 to 1900

   1. Western nations often took DIRECT control over their existing colonies -Example: the BC took direct control over india from the EIC in 1858

   2. European states, the USA, and Japan began acquiring territories in the Pacific basin as Spanish and Portuguese influence declined (Ex Philippines)

   3. Nations woodlands warfare and diplomacy

   6,3 

   1. Many peoples rebelled against imperial expansion with their own brand of nationalism, oftentimes citing Enlightenment principles (in a bit of irony)

   2. Examples are the Sepoy Mutiny in India and Tupac Amaru II in Peru. this involved direct military action against the imperial nation

   3. Examples of new states being created included:  Serbia and Greece (Ottoman), Sokoto Caliphate (Nigeria/Britain), the Cherokee Nation, Shaka Zulu and the Zulu Kingdom (South Africa, Britain, Dutch)

   4. Ex of rebellion: Ghost Dance USA/Native Americans), Xhosa Cattle Killing in S. Africa, Mahdist Wars in Sudan

   5. Eurpeans nations established settler societies in parts if their empires (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, USA, RUSSIA)

   6. The USA, Russia, and Japanese sent settlers to already-existing parts of their land buildings. EX: Westward Expansion to the Pacific, RUssia and the setting of Central Asia and Siberia: and Japan.

   6.4 GLOBAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FROM1750 to 1900

   A new type of mercantilism developed between the “core” industrialized imperial nations and non-core nations. THe regions would provide cheap labor and raw materials for industrial nation, that would in turn surve as a captive marker for the  industrial goods produced the more-developed nations

   1. Egypt and India (cotton development for Britain

   2. Amazon and Congo basins (rubber production - Portugal, Germany, and Belgium

   3. West Africa (Palm Oil - used as lubrication

   4. Peru and Chile (Guano production for USA and EUROPE

   5. Argentina and Uruguay: (Cattle production for Europe

   6. South Africa - Diamond-

   Topic 6.5 ECO. Imperialism

   INdustrialized “CORE” nations often provided capital to developing nations in exchange of influence and profit. 

   1. The Opium Wars in CHina

   2. The construction of the Port of Buenos Aires

   3. British companies financed cotton production in the South Asia and Egypt

   4. Copper production in Chile was financed by the British, French, and American companies

   5. French companies construction of the Panama Canal (Completed by the USA in 1912)

   TOPIC 6.6; Cause of Migration

   1. New forms of transportation;  steamships, railroads (also allowed return migration 

   2. Urbanization (migrants could live in communities with people of the same nationality)

   Ex:

   • Japanese and Hawai’i

   • South Asians in Fiji, Mauritius, and Trinidad

   • Cinese for the USA (TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROADS

   • Irish to the USA

   Coerced labor (and semi-coerced labor) also contributed to the patterns of migration during this time, including slavery ( from Africa until 1820 in NAand 1940s in Brazil)

   Indentured servitude too place with Chinese and Indian labor in placed such as Indonesia, the Philippines, South Africa, Mauritius, Trinidad, and the USA

   6.7: Effect of Migration 

   1. Most Migraines during this time were MALE, as a result, major changes took place in the home societies as women had to take up duties that time belonged to men

   2. Migrants often created ENCLAVES in their new homes

   Examples:

   • Chinese and Irish in N. America

   • Chinese in SE Asia

   • Indian enclaves in South Africa and the Caribbean

   • Italian enclaves in the USA, Canada, Argentina, and Brazil

   3. Many migrants were not particularly welcome over the long term, examples included the Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States, and the White Australia policy

   6.8: Causation in the Imperial Age

   1. The Development of industrial capitalism lead to higher standard of Livings for some, better manufacturing methods, more affordable projects, and grater variety of consumer goods

   2.  Industrial states expanded their overseas empires and established new relationships

   3. The 18th centurybrought about immense rebellion and revolution against existing governments and led in the creation fo many new nation states, especiall in the Americas

   4. Migration changed dramatically, with a shift awya form forced labor and slavery towards coluntary migration and indentured servitude.