Forensic Biology and DNA Analysis: Key Concepts and Tests
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69 Terms
Q: What is a confirmatory test?
A: A test that confirms a substance is definitely present.
Q: Where is DNA found in semen?
A: Sperm cells.
Q: Presumptive test for semen?
A: Acid phosphatase (AP).
Q: Confirmatory test for semen?
A: PSA (p30) and microscopic sperm ID.
Q: What is an antigen?
A: A substance that triggers an immune response.
Q: What is an antibody?
A: A protein that binds to an antigen.
Q: Oligospermia?
A: Low sperm count.
Q: What type of packaging is used for DNA evidence?
A: Breathable material (paper).
Q: What do presumptive blood tests detect?A
: Hemoglobin (heme).
Q: Where is DNA found in blood?
A: White blood cells.
Q: Aspermia?
A: No sperm present.
Q: Hyperspermia?
A: High semen volume.
Q: Handler DNA?
A: DNA from touching an object.
Q: Wearer DNA?
A: DNA from clothing wearer.
Q: User DNA?
A: DNA from using an object.
Q: What does DNA stand for?
A: Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
Q: What is an allele?
A: A variation of a gene.
Q: Who has identical DNA?
A: Identical twins only.
Q: Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from?
A: Mother.
Q: Y-STRs are inherited from?
A: Father.
Q: Complementary base pairing?
A: A-T and G-C.
Q: Does blood fluoresce?
A: No.
Q: What is PCR?
A: A method to amplify (copy) DNA.
Q: Why is PCR important?
A: Allows use of very small DNA samples.
Q: Goal of DNA extraction?
A: Isolate DNA from cells.
Q: 4 steps of DNA analysis?
A: Extraction, Quantitation, Amplification, Separation/Detection.
Q: 3 phases of PCR?
A: Denaturation, Annealing, Extension.
Q: Satellite DNA?
A: Long repeating sequences.
Q: VNTRs?
A: Medium-length repeats.
Q: Microsatellites (STRs)?
A: Short repeating DNA sequences.
Q: What is CODIS?
A: Combined DNA Index System.
Q: What does CODIS store?
A: DNA from offenders, crime scenes, missing persons.
Q: DNA contamination?
A: Accidental introduction of DNA.
Q: Primary DNA transfer?
A: Direct transfer.
Q: Secondary DNA transfer?
A: Indirect transfer via intermediary.
Q: What is multiplexing?
A: Testing multiple DNA regions at once.
Q: Crime scene reconstruction?
A: Determining what happened using evidence.
Q: Blood drop?
A: Blood in flight.
Q: Bloodstain?
A: Blood on a surface.
Q: Bloodstain pattern?
A: Group of bloodstains.
Q: Viscosity?
A: Resistance to flow.
Q: Surface tension?
A: Resistance to breaking apart.
Q: Is blood more viscous than water?
A: Yes.
Q: What happens to drop size with height?
A: Increases.
Q: 90° impact produces what shape?
A: Circular.
Q: Area of convergence?
A: 2D meeting point.
Q: Area of origin?
A: 3D source.
Q: Most common bloodstain pattern?
A: Impact spatter.
Q: What indicates expirated blood?
A: Air bubbles.
Q: Swipe vs wipe?
A: Swipe = bloody object moves; wipe = object moves through blood.
Q: Rifling?
A: Spiral grooves in barrel.
Q: Lands?
A: Raised areas in barrel.
Q: Grooves?
A: Cut areas in barrel.
Q: Caliber?
A: Diameter of barrel.
Q: Projectile?
A: Bullet.
Q: Casing?
A: Holds components of cartridge.
Q: Penetrating defect?
A: Enters but doesn't exit.
Q: Perforating defect?
A: Enters and exits.
Q: Ricochet?
A: Bounces off surface.
Q: What is NIBIN?
A: National Integrated Ballistics Information Network.
Q: Rifle vs shotgun (2 differences)?
A: Barrel (rifled vs smooth) and ammunition.
Q: Rimfire vs centerfire?
A: Location of primer.
Q: 3 types of ballistics?
A: Internal, External, Terminal.
Q: Class characteristics?
A: Shared features.
Q: Individual characteristics?
A: Unique markings.
Q: Where do casings eject?
A: Right and rear.
Q: Revolver casing ejection?
A: Manual.
Q: GSR contains what elements?
A: Lead, barium, antimuon
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