CPI Reporting quiz 1-4

Fermentation

It is the employment of microorganisms to which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically.

Louis Pasteur

first used the term fermentation as directly caused by the life processes of minute organisms.

Fungi,

are a type of plant that doesn't contain green pigment

unicellular

Yeasts and bacteria are _________and of very small dimensions

budding

The yeasts are irregularly oval and multiply by _________

binary fission.

The bacteria are smaller and more diverse in shape. They multiply through _______

penicillin

The development of _______ during World War II led to significant advancements in antibiotics

dextran

a plasma volume expander

Oxidation

Fermentation process: alcohol to acetic acid

Reduction

Fermentation process: aldehyde to alcohol

Hydrolysis

Fermentation process: starch to glucose/sucrose

Esterification

Fermentation process: hexose & phosphoric acid to hexose phosphate

True

T/F To get a maximum chemical yield it is frequently advisable to suppress additional increase in quantity of the microorganism

Completely Denatured

Denatured alcohol type: rigorously denatured mixed with toxic products such as ethyl acetate, kerosene, acetaldehyde among all others

Specially Denatured

Denatured alcohol type: denaturing materials have been added that is not intended for consumption.

Alcohol

is second to water in solvent value and employed in nearly all industries and a raw materials for making hundreds of chemical

Completely Denatured Alcohol

Alcohol that is mostly used as antifreeze.

Specially Denatured Alcohol

Alcohol that is used in cosmetic products, pharmaceutical, and chemical manufacturing.

oxidation,

reduction

hydrolysis

esterification

Give at least 2 chemical processes involved in fermentation

saccharine materials

starchy materials

hydrocarbon gases

cellulosic materials

Raw materials from which ethyl alcohol may be made fall into four general classifications

mash,

are carbohydrates ready for yeast inoculation.

sulfuric acid

ensures an optimal pH of 4.0–5.0

Ammonium salt

provides missing nutrients in molasses,

invertase

Yeast produces ________ to facilitate hydrolysis of sugars

zymase

Yeast produces ________ to convert monosaccharides into alcohol and carbon dioxide during fermentation

Fungal amylase,

derived from Aspergillus niger fermentation, is a cost-effective alternative to malt for converting starch into fermentable sugars for industrial alcohol production

False

T/F Grain alcohol production from starch is more cost-effective compared to alcohol made synthetically or through fermentation of blackstrap molasses

Anhydrous alcohol

made by absorbing the 5% of water present in 95% industrial alcohol, using quicklime, with subsequent distillation.

Citric acid

is an organic acid used in food, medicine, and industry

Lactic acid

is an organic acid produced by microbial fermentation

Bacitracin

It is an antibiotic produced by Bacillus subtilis and related gram-positive spore-forming bacteria

Beer

is a low-alcohol beverage (2–7%) made by brewing and fermenting grains, primarily malted barley, which provides enzymes and flavor

8-10%

Commercial vinegar typically contains how many % of acetic acid.

Chaim Weizmann

Who developed the fermentation process used during the World War 1

pH

temperature

aeration-agitation

pure-culture fermentation

uniformity of yields.

Give all the critical factors of fermentation P T A U

molasses

starch

grains

corns

milk

Give at least three raw materials used in fermentation

Azeotrope

it is a liquid mixture with a constant boiling point and vapor pressure

Silcox and Lee

The five basic prerequisites of a good fermentation process were given by who?

perfumare

The term “perfume” is derived from the Latin word “________,” which means "to fill with smoke."

Olfactory cells

are located near the top of the nasal cavity

Modern solvent

highly refined ethyl alcohol mixed with water

Fixatives

retard and even the evaporation rate of various odorous constituents

Castor/Castoreum

Civet

Musk

Ambergris

Musc Zibata

Animal Fixatives

Tincture

solution created in cold

Infusion

solution requiring heat Alcohol is the primary solvent

Labdanum

Important soft gum from Mediterranean plants

Benzoin

Most important hard resin

Ethanol (highly refined ethyl alcohol)

What is the main solvent used in modern perfumes

Expression Method

Distillation Process

Extraction with Volatile Solvents

Enfleurage

Deterpenation

Recovery Methods

Expression Method

Used primarily for citrus oils

Distillation Process

Material preparation varies by plant part

Isolates

Pure chemical compounds sourced from essential oils or natural perfume materials

Semisynthetics

chemically modified natural materials

Oxidation Process

Chemical Reaction where a substance loses electrons. In the context of flavor and fragrance creation, often involves the gain of oxygen atoms.

eugenol

The industrial production of vanillin involves the oxidation of ______, a compound extracted from clove oil, it has a spicy, clove-like aroma but lacks the sweet vanilla notes we associate vanillin

Avicenna

Which Arabian physician is credited with discovering steam distillation of volatile oils?

Enfleurage

What is the process called where flowers are placed on a fat-coated surface to extract their fragrance

Vehicle/Solvent

Fixative

Odoriferous Elements

What are the three key components of a perfume VS F O

Anisaldehyde Production

Synthetic compound with a pleasant, sweet, and coumarin-like aroma. It’s commonly used in the food and fragrance industries. Produced through the oxidation of anethole

Liquid Phase

A chemical reaction where a substance is oxidized in a liquid environment. The reactants and products are dissolved in a solvent, and the reaction occurs at a relatively lower temperature.

Vapor Phase

A chemical reaction where a substance is oxidized in the gaseous state. The reactant is vaporized and then reacted with an oxidizing agent, often air, at a high temperature.

Extraction

aims to isolate specific flavor compounds or components from the fruit, usually by using a solvent

Concentration

focuses on removing water from the fruit juice to increase its flavor intensity.

Food additives

are substances intentionally added to food to improve its appearance, taste, texture, preservation, or nutritional value. They can be natural or synthetic.

Volatile

A major advantage of using ethanol as a perfume solvent is its ____________ nature, which helps project the scent.

Fennel

An aromatic plant in apiaceae family known for its licorice-like flavor

Benzaldehyde Production

It has a strong, bitter almond-like aroma that can be overpowering in perfumes and soap

Vapor phase

A chemical reaction where a substance is oxidized in the gaseous state

Straight floral

Floral bouquet

aldehyde floral

Oriental

Chypre

Woody

Green

Citrus

Cougere

Canoe

Musk

Spice

Give me one type of Perfume.

Answer

Distillation

Aims to capture the essential flavor compounds of the fruit in a concentrated form

Anethole

What is the natural compound found in star anise and fennel oil?

Volatile aroma

What compounds evaporate when the fruits are heated with steam

Hardwood/Broadleaf and Softwood/Coniferous

What are the two classes of wood?

Cellulose Lignin

Enumerate 2 the general composition of wood

Wood spirits

This is a mixture of acetic acid and wood alcohol, was collected and purified to wood alcohol

Methanol

Tar and Oil

Gas

Give only 3 products of the distillation of hardwood

Turpentine

rosin

Dipentene

Give only 3 products of the distillation of softwood

Pyrolysis or Destructive Distillation

Which principal unit process, involving various unit operations such as heat transfer, condensation, distillation, and liquid-liquid extraction, is primarily responsible for breaking down organic materials through thermal decomposition

Liquid-liquid Extraction Process

This process uses two liquids to pull out the acetic acid from the pyroligneous acid.

Suida Process

This process is all about extracting acetic acid from a wood-derived liquid (pyroligneous liquor) and purifying it for use, typically by using methods like concentration, extraction, and neutralization

Sulfate Pulp Turpentine Method

This method for processing wood for naval-stores products where the wood is cooked with chemicals to make paper pulp

Olustee Process

This is the most common method for cleaning the gum