3rd exam in socioloy delinq

Social Strain

Which sociological theory of delinquency explains girls' delinquency by associating their delinquency with the stress experienced from living in the lower class?

females are increasingly involved in assault, robbery, rape and murder

We know that overall arrest rates have steadily declined for both males and females over the past few decades, but which of the following statements is also true?

throwaways

Youth who are driven from their homes by parents or untenable living conditions of often called

Social Learning

Which sociological theory of delinquency explains girls' delinquency by associating their delinquency with socialization that teaches them to be more assertive and aggressive?

social aggression

Which type of aggression common with adolescent girls was categorized by the intent to damage another person's self-esteem or social status, within a group?

liberation hypothesis

Freda Adler s hypothesis as to why women have been historically underrepresented in crime and delinquency is called __________.

their relations with others

In her book Odd Girl Out, Simmons pointed out that the culture s socialization of girls as caretakers teaches them to be valued for __________.

started out as victims of crimes first

Gilfus and Giordano found that women involved in street crimes quite often __________.

all of the above

Feminist theorists are very interested in the connection between gender and __________.

gender fluidity

A non-fixed gender identity that may shift over time or in different situations is often referred to as

adolescence

Which concept refers to a socially created life stage between childhood and adulthood?

the process of role modeling

One of the most important ways in which a family socializes its young members is through __________.

7 million

According to the Census Bureau, the number of Latchkey Children in the United States is about __________.

the marriage ceremony

What marked the rite of passage into adulthood in the agrarian society?

had a tremendous impact upon the family institution

The shift in American society from being predominantly rural prior to the Industrial Revolution to predominantly urban after the turn of the century __________.

all of the above

When parents fail to discipline their children, the burden is likely to shift to __________.

latchkey children

Which phrase is used to describe the numerous school-aged children who return home after school to an empty house?

finding adequate child care for their children

One of the major problems faced by working mothers is __________.

strong parental supervision and discipline

The best prevention of delinquency may be __________.

this expectation remains today

During war women proved that they were capable of working in factories alongside men, or in place of them. During that time, however, they also were expected to return home to perform all of their "wifely" duties. To a large extent __________.

has a lasting impact on the child's entire educational career

In his book Creating School Failure, Youth Crime and Deviance, Delos Kelly illustrated how the school's initial labeling __________.

white middle class children

In a study of Chicago public schools, Howard Becker documented teachers' preference for __________.

a right

It has become widely proclaimed in our society that the opportunity for education is __________.

as a "defining moment"

How is high school represented in most young people's lives?

there must be mechanisms for transmitting its value among members and from one generation to another

If a subculture is to perpetuate itself, __________.

counterculture

When the subculture differs to the point that it rejects the overall attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms of larger society, and offers a substitute normative system, it becomes a __________.

is the broadest definition of a gang

A group of recurrently associating individuals with identifiable leadership and internal organization, identifying with or claiming control over territory in a community and engaging individually or collectively in violent or other forms of illegal behavior is

is just one definition of a gang

A group of recurrently associating individuals with identifiable leadership and internal organization, identifying with or claiming control over territory in a community and engaging individually or collectively in violent or other forms of illegal behavior is

to gain and maintain acceptance with their peers

Multitude of studies indicate that one of the strongest motivations for behavior among juveniles is their desire __________.

provides ways of interacting with adults

All of the following are functions of a youth subculture except

Both a and b

Erich Goode described a subculture as a group whose members __________.

counterculture

A subculture that rejects the overall attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms of the larger culture and replaces them with an alternative normative system, which conflicts with the larger culture.

arena

A public place where individuals or groups are pitted against each other in struggles to determine dominance and often survival.

readin, ritin, and rithmetic

the three R’s

paper ceiling

An invisible barrier that prohibits potential workers without a bachelor’s degree from getting a job for which they may otherwise be qualified.

screening device

Schools act to “screen out” members of society based upon educational credentials (e.g., diplomas, degrees), as well as willingness to conform to and internalize dominant attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms.

credentialism

Overemphasis on educational credentials.

truancy

“Skipping school”—missing school without the knowledge or consent of parents or guardians—a status offense.

tracking

Educational strategy where students are grouped according to intelligence as measured by standardized tests, academic performance, and other criteria.

Social class, race/ethnicity, family size, birth order, nature
of family interaction, parental discipline

Six variables consistently emerge as a basis for
theories of delinquency causation

nuclear family

Family where two generations or fewer live under one roof and cooperate in the economic, social, and psychological support of the family.

Authoritarian

Typically require absolute obedience; parents maintaining control seems most important; “Because I said so” is a typical response to child’s questioning of authority. More typical of lower-class and working-class families.

Permissive

Child’s freedom of expression and autonomy are valued; parents are sometimes manipulative using such terminology as “do what we want you to do because you want to do it”; typical of middle-class families.

Authoritative

Relies on positive reinforcement and infrequent punishment; encourages autonomy within reasonable limits; more typical of upper-middle- and upper-class families.

latchkey children

School-age children of working parent(s) who return home from school to an empty house and are unsupervised for a period of time.

broken home

Refers to a family in which one of the parents is not present in the home on a permanent basis.

role modeling

The learning of social roles from observation, imitation, and the identification with those who occupy those roles.

extended family

Family in which more than two generations live under one roof and cooperate in the economic, social, and psychological support of the family.

family of origin

The family in which a child is socialized; usually consists of parents and children.

vocational prostitutes

Prostitutes who enter the profession as a career.

situational prostitutes

Prostitutes who enter the profession temporarily due to specific social and economic circumstances.

Daly and Chesney- Lind (1984)

provided 5 ways that feminist criminology differed from traditional criminology

feminist theories

To study, analyze, and explain social phenomena from a gender-focused perspective.

the liberation hypothesis

A hypothesis that females have not committed as much crime and delinquency as males in the past because rigid gender roles provided fewer opportunities for them to do so. As gender roles change and more gender equity is achieved, girls and women will have more equal opportunities to violate laws.

runaways

2/ 3 teenage prostitutes are

female auxiliary

A branch of male gangs composed of girlfriends, sisters, groupies, and other females who identify with the male gang.

gender polarization

Defining femininity and masculinity as polar opposites, such that acceptable male behaviors and attitudes are not seen as appropriate for females, and vice versa.

girls

___ often develop stronger familial bonds than males