Ch. 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

Study of Structure

Physiology

Study of Function

The common functions of all living things include

1-Reponsiveness

2-Growth

3-Reproductive

4-Movement

5-Metabolism

Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic

Visible to Unaided eyes

Surface Anatomy

Study of general form and superficial markings

Regional Anatomy

Study of all superficial and internal features in a specific region of the body

Systemic Anatomy

The structure of major organ systems (group of organs that function together in a coordinated manner)

Microscopic Anatomy

Concerns structures that cannot be seen without magnification

Cytology

Study of Cells

Histology

Study of Tissues

Human Physiology

Study of the functions of Human body

Cell Physiology

Study of the functions of living cells

Special Physiology

Study of the specific organs

Systemic Physiology

Study of the Specific Organ System

Pathological Physiology or Pathology

Study of Disease

6 Levels of Oragnization

1-Chemical (or molecular) Atoms

2-Cellular

3-Tissues

4-Organs

5-Organs System

6-Organism

Homeostasis

The existence of a stable internal environment.

If homeostasis fail, organ systems begin to malfunction, producing a state known as illness, or disease.

Homeostatic Regulator

1-Receptor-sensitive to change

2-Control Center-received and processes

3-Effector-respond to the command of control center and apposes or reinforces the stimulus

Negative Feedback

Triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation.

Positive Feedback

Reinforces that responses

Anatomical Position

Hands at the sides with the palms facing forward, and feet together

Supine Position

Lying down facing up

Prone Position

Lying down facing down

4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

1-Right Upper Quadrant

2-Left Upper Quadrant

3-Right Lower Quadrant

4-Left Lower Quadrant

9 Abdominopelvic Regions

1-Umbilical--center

2-Epigastric--upper center

3-Hypogastric--lower center

4-5 Right and Left Hypochondriac--upper

6-7 Right and Left Lumbar--center

8-9 Right and Left Inguinal--lower

Anatomical Directions

Superior-Above

Inferior-Below

Posterior or Dorsal-Back

Anterior or Ventral-Front

Cranial-Head

Caudal-Butt

Superfical-Body Surface

Deep-Farther from the body surface

Proximal-Toward an attached base

Distal-Away from na attached base

Medial-Toward the body longitudinal axis

Lateral-Away the body longitudinal axis

3 Sectional Planes

1-Transverse Plane-Head to Foot axis of the body dividing the body into SUPERIOR (top) AND INFERIOR (bottom) portions. (cross section)

2-Frontal Plane or Coronal Plane-Side to Side axis of the body dividing the body into ANTERIOR (back) AND POSTERIOR (front) portions.

3-Sagittal Plane-Front to Back axis of the body dividing the body into LEFT AND RIGHT portions.

MIDSAGITTAL SECTION- divided body in even portions left and right (Note that a midsagittal section does not cut through the legs)

Body Cavities

1-Protect Organs

2-allow to change in size and shape of an organs (expand or compress)

Ventral Body Cavity or Coelom

It contains organs of the Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive Systems.

Diaphragm

A flat muscular sheet divides the ventral body cavity into a superior THORACIC CAVITY bounded by the chest wall, and an inferior ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

Viscera

The internal ORGANS within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Serous Membrane

2 delicate layers line and wall fill with fluids

Visceral Layer-on the organ

Parietal Layer-around the organ

The Thoracic Cavity

Pericardial Cavity-Heart

Pleural Cavity-Lungs

Pericacardial Cavity

Visceral Pericardium-Layer cover the surface of the heart

Parietal Pericardium-The lining layer of the heart

Pleural Cavity

Visceral Pleura-Layer cover the the surface of the lung

Parietal Pleura-The lining layer of the lung

The Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains the Peritonel Cavity, chamber lined by a serous membrane known as Peritoneum.

Visceral Peritoneum-Layer cover the surface of the abdominopelvic

Parietal Peritoneum-The lining layer of the abdominopelvic

Mediastium

Separate two Lungs

Mid Coronal

Divide Anterior and Posterior (Hip Bone)

The Organ Systems of the Human Body

1. The Integumentary System= Cutaneous Membrane; Hair Follicles; Sweat Glands; Nails; Sensory Receptors; Subcutaneous Layer

2. The Skeletal System= Bones; Cartilages; Joints; Bone Marrow

3. The Muscular System= Skeletal Muscles; Tendons

4. The Nervous System= Central Nervous System; Brain; Spinal Cord; Peripheral Nervous System

5. The Endocrine System= Pineal Gland; Pituitary Gland; Thyroid Gland; Parathyroid Glands; Thymus; Adrenal Glands; Kidneys; Pancreas; Gonals

6. The Cardiovascular System= Heart; Blood Vessels; Blood

7. The Lymphoid System= Lymphatic Vessels; Lymph Nodes; Spleen; Thymus

8. The Respiratory System= Nasal Cavities; Pranasal Sinuses; Pharynx; Larynx; Trachea; Bronchi; Lungs

9. The Digestive System= Salivary Glands; Pharynx; Esophagus; Stomach; Small Intestine; Liver; Gallbladder; Pancreas; Large Intesting

10. The Urinary System= Kidneys; Ureters; Urinary Bladder Urethra

11. The Male Reproductive System= Testes; Accessory Orans; External Genitalia

12. The Female Reproductive System= Ovaries; Uterine tubes; Uterus; Vagina; External Genitalia Mammary Glands