apcsp

Computing Innovations

an innovation that uses a program as a key part of their function

Computing Innovation Samples

Physical: Robots, Tablets, & Smart Technology

Not Physical: Social Media, Applications, Editing Software, & Video Games

Collaboration

is integral to CS because it allows for diverse ideas and thoughts that cater towards different people

Pair Programming

is when two people share a computer and take turns coding

Logic Errors

unexpected behavior in in program’s output

Syntax Errors

the code does not work properly because it is typed or written incorrectly

Run-Time Errors

error occurs while code runs

Overflow Errors

the numbers are too big for the computer

Iterative Development Process

develop working prototypes of a program and go back through the cycle to redevelop the program

Incremental Development Process

break a problem into small parts and then reassemble the solution when each party is fixed

Waterfall Development Mode

a step-by-step process where each step flows into another

Data

is a collection of numbers and facts from different sources

Bits

(Binary Digits) are what computers store data in. Computers read machine code which is usually in the binary system

8 Bits

1 Byte

Hexadecimal

is used for RGB color codes & it uses numbers & letters to represent values

ASCII code

converts text to binary format

Abstraction

reduces complexity by only focusing on the most important parts & hiding the irrelevant parts from the user

Analog Data

is measured continuously & change smoothly

Digital Data

is measured digitally and leaves out extra data by simplifying the data collected (form of abstraction)

Data Compression

is dependent on 1) the method used and 2) the amount of repeated info in the data

Lossless Compression

less compression & better file quality

Lossy Compression

more compression & worse file quality

Metadata

data about data

Data Mining

examining very large data sets to find information

Transforming Data

editing or modifying data

Pseudocode

will be used a lot on the MCQ section of the AP Exam, make sure to review the AP CSP exam sheet and fully understand all of the pseudocode. AP pseudocode has an index that starts are 1

Loops

traverse through lists/arrays/strings

Data Types

integers, strings, lists and booleans

List (array)

an ordered sequence of element

Strings

are an ordered list of characters

Substrings

are part of a string

String Concatenation

occurs when two strings or more are connected w/ a “+”

An Algorithm

has instructions that accomplish a task or solve a problem. All algorithms are created using sequencing, selection, and iteration

Sequencing

means that all of the code is executed in the order they are written in

Expression

a statement that only returns one value (Evaluated with PEMDAS)

Selection Statements

are processed through if statements that all have conditions that need to be met for the selection to run

Else Statements

are attached to if statements which specify what happens if a condition is not met

MOD (%)

gives you the remainder of 2 #’s

Nested Conditional Statements

have conditional statements inside of conditional statements

Procedures

programming instructions that are also called methods or functions

Parameters

input variables of a procedure

Arguments

a call with defined values + attributes

Logical Operators

NOT, AND and OR

An Element

is an individual value in a list & all elements have an index

Sequential Computing

traditional programming where each program is processed at a time

Parallel Computing

when program is broken into smaller operations and processed at the same time using multiple processors

Distributed Computing

multiple devices communicate together to run a program

Sequential Solution

takes as long as the # of all steps in a program

Parallel Computing Solution

faster with less # of cores

Fault Tolerant

something can still function even w/ a partial malfunction

Redundancy

duplication of things

Internet

Interconnection and networks

Computer Network

is when multiple computing devices communicate with each other

Data Packets

data on the Internet is split into data packets

Routing

the process of finding the best path to deliver information

Digital Divide

gaps between those who have access to the internet and those who do not. The things that affect this are demographics, socioeconomic status, and geographic location

Intellectual Property

the work that people consider “theirs”

Copyright

the person who created something determines who uses their creation

Creative Commons

copyright license for creators to give others the ability to use their work

Open-sourcing

work is freely shared, distributed, and modified

Open Access

research available to public w/ out restrictions

Malware

malicious software that takes control of a system

Phishing

tricks people into giving their personal information away

Encryption

encoding data to prevent others from accessing it

Symmetric Key Encryption

one key for both encrypting & decrypting

Public Key Encryption

public key to encrypt & private key to decrypt