AP biology unit 2

van deer waals

weak, between uncharged molecules, from the interactions of permanent electric dipole moments

saturated fats at room temperature

solid ex. butter

unsaturated fats at room temperature

liquids ex: oil

Cells are

the basic unit of life

Cell structures

membrane, genetic information, system for maintenance and replication like mRNA+ribosomes make proteins or enzymes in cytoplasm

prokaryotic cells

small, relatively simple, no nucleus, chromosome is circulized, contains plasmids, found in archea and bacteria

eukaryotic cells

larger more complex, nucleus, multiple linear chromosomes, DNA associated with proteins, has mitochondria, many membrane bound organelles.

covalent bond

involve sharing of electrons

ionic bond

involve the transfer of electrons; cause atoms to have opposite charges and attract each other

hydrogen bonds

result from attractions between partial positive and negative charges in atoms

why cell size is important

cells need to have enough membrane surface area to allow for diffusion of substances in and out.

A small cell has...

more surface area relative to cell volume

A large cell has

less surface area relative to cell volume

formula for surface area of a cube

6S^2

formula for volume of a cube

S^3

metabolism

the sum total of chemical processes that take place within an organism

metabolic rate

the amount of energy that an organism expends during a given amount of time

basal metabolic rate

the amount of energy consumed by an organism at rest at a comfortable temperature.

ways to measure metabolic rate

oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, heat production

endotherms

all mammals, all birds, require more food, generate body heat internally, body temperature regulated around a set point; as they get bigger the rate of energy use increases

ectotherms

reptiles, body temperature conforms to environmental temperature

relative metabolic rate

the metabolic rate/unit of a body mass; decreases as size increases, the smaller the animal the more energy each gram of body tissue requires.

Modern cell theory

all living things are made of cells, the cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms, all cells come from other pre existing cells.

compartmentalization

internal division into sections, allows cells to have regions with internal chemistry distinct from cytoplasm

endomembrane system

a dynamic, connected system of internal membranes and compartments

symbiosis

living together

endosymbiosis

one species lives inside another species

negative endosymbiosis

parasitism

positive endosymbisosis

mutualistic

nucleus function

stores and protects genetic info or DNA; DNA is wrapped around proteins to form chromosomes

Chromatin

inside nucleus, mixture of DNA and RNA that forms the chromosomes found in the cells of organisms

nucleolus

assembles ribosomes

nucleur membrane

seperates chromosomes from cytoplasm

nucleur pores

allows molecules to enter or leave nucleus

Ribosomes

Reads genetic messages encoded in sequence of mRNA and translates that message into a sequence of amino acids that make up a proteins primary structure

mitochondria

converts food energy into ATP

what the mitochondria is made of

DNA/chromosomes, membrane embeded enzymes, folded inner membrane, own cytoplasm called the matrix, intermembrane space, outer membrane

endoplasmic reticulum

an interconnected series of channels found between the nucleur membrane and golgi body; Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

proteins are made and processed

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

makes lipids, detoxifies chemicals

golgi complex

packages and sends proteins

vesicles

transport materials

lysosome

breaks down waste in only animal cells

vacuole animal cell

small, stores food, nutrients and waste products

cell membrane

controls what enters and leaves the cell

cytoplasm

supreses organelles, where activites occur

cytoskeleton

gives structure and movement to cell

centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

cell wall

support and protection, in only plant cells

chloroplast

capture sunlight for photosynthesis; only in plant cells

large central vacuole (6)

stores water and maintains pressure, only in plant cells

selective permeable boundary of the cellular membrane

allows passage of some substances and particles but not others

phospholipid structure

hydrophobic and nonpolar tail, hydrophilic head, glycerol

fluid mosaic model

the phospholipids in the bilayer create a "sea" in which other molecules can float

transmembrane protein function

create tunnels to push large/charged molecules across membrane

integral protein function

-some act as channels or pores that allow certain substances to pass, others bind to a molecule on the outside of a cell and then transport it through the membrane, act as sites where chemical messenger such as hormones can attach

peripheral proteins function

Enzymes, motor proteins, cell to cell links, provide support on intracellular surface.

diffusion

the tendancy of molecules to spread out from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated; passive transport

simple diffusion

for any small nonpolar molecules or nonpolar substances

facilitated diffusion

for polar molecules and ions that cant diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer and require protein channels

passive transport

molecules or ions flow down a diffusion gradients, doesnt require the use of energy

active transport

pumping a molecule or ion up its concentration gradient (low to high concentration) usually requires energy

endocytosis

membrane pinches in surrounding a particle which creates a cavity that becomes a vesicle

exocytosis

a vesicle containing something fuses with the membrane and then contents is dumped outside the cell

membrane potential

an electrical charge across a membrane that is created by the pumping of ions across their membranes

osmosis

diffusion of water

what way does water flow during osmosis

flows down its diffusion gradient from hypotonic to hypertonic

hypotonic

relatively more water, relatively less solute

hypertonic

relatively less water, relatively more solute

isotonic

solute concentration and water concentration are the same on both sides of the membrane

osmoregulate

to regulate your osomotic balance

water potential

a measurment o fwaters tendency to move from where it is to where its not.

what does adding a solute do to water potential

decreases it

what does pressure do to water potential

increases it

formula for water potential

solute potential + pressure potential

hypertonic

relatively less water, relatively more solute

isotonic

solute concentration and water concentration are the same on both sides of the membrane

osmoregulate

to regulate your osomotic balance

water potential

Still learning (7)

You've started learning these terms. Keep it up!