Period 2: 1607–1754: Patterns of Empire and Resistance

encomienda system

encomienda system

This system allowed Spanish settlers to extract labor from locals, leading to harsh treatment of Indians.

repartimiento

This system replaced encomienda, banned slavery, and mandated wages for Indian laborers, but exploitation of native labor continued.

New Spain and Peru

Spain's New World empire was tightly controlled by the Crown, with two administrative units

Catholicism

Spanish priests were aggressive in converting native communities to ______, but the practice was often adapted to include traditional Indian spiritual practices and beliefs.

Métis children

Intermarriage with American Indians was common in French colonies, producing _____.

fur trade

Métis communities had important roles for American Indian women, serving as cultural mediators and brokers in the ____.

Surinam

Dutch obtained control of ____ in South America in the late 17th century, focusing on sugar production and relying on African slave labor.

Treaty of Breda

This treaty formally transferred control of New Amsterdam to the English.

Henry Hudson

Dutch expedition to North America was led by whom in 1609.

Peter Minuit

the company director general, purchased the island of Manhattan for goods worth $24.

labor shortage

Diverse groups of Europeans, including Sephardic Jews from Brazil, and African slaves were brought to New Amsterdam to address ____.

Peter Stuyvesant

He became the colony's leader in 1647 and New Amsterdam began to thrive as a center for the fur trade and a growing seaport town.

New York

Stuyvesant surrendered in 1664 and New Amsterdam was renamed _____, granted to the Duke of York.

Richard Hakluyt

He argued that overseas expansion could benefit England by drawing off surplus population and providing new markets for manufactured goods.

Jamestown

was founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company chartered by King James I to explore and colonize the New World.

Powhatan

The local Algonquian-speaking people, led by their chief, _______, father of Pocahontas, traded corn with the settlers at first.

John Rolfe

Virginia colonists faced difficulties at the start and successfully cultivated tobacco, led by _____.

Maryland

was the first proprietary colony established by England in North America.

George Calvert

The Crown granted a charter to ____, 1st Baron Baltimore, who was Catholic and hoped to create a refuge for Catholics in the New World.

Cecelius Calvert

Calvert died before the colony was established, and his son, _____, became the actual proprietor of Maryland.

North Carolina

was founded in 1663 by wealthy plantation owners who created an agrarian system resembling Barbados in the south.

South Carolina

Tensions led to a split in 1712 and the establishment of North Carolina as a distinct colony from ______.

Puritans

They sought a full reformation in England, and wanted the Church of England to be "purified" of Catholic practices.

separatists

Some Puritans, known as _____, argued for complete separation from the Church of England.

calling

Puritans believed in the concept of "__" - work on Earth that God intended for the individual to do. Being diligent at one's "_" was central to Puritanism

Individual malfeasance

This could result in divine punishment for the entire Puritan community.

Mayflower Compact

An agreement calling for orderly government based on the consent of the governed.

Pilgrims

They fled England in 1608 for a more hospitable religious climate in the Netherlands. They believed establishing a settlement in the New World would steel the congregants for religious piety.

Archbishop William Laud

King Charles I, with the encouragement of ______, sought to suppress their religious practices.

John Winthrop

leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

A Model of Christian Charity

Before the colonists' ship landed in present-day Salem in 1630, Winthrop gave a sermon called “_________”

a city upon a hill

Winthrop stressed the importance of the colonists' mission and referred to the colony as being "_______."

great migration

Over 20,000 settlers came to Massachusetts Bay Colony in the "_____" of 1640 ; settlers were mostly farmers, carpenters, and textile workers.

Roger Williams

He was a devout Puritan minister who became an important dissenter in Massachusetts. He founded the Rhode Island.

Anne Hutchinson

She challenged gender norms by holding meetings to discuss theology with men and women.

Reverend Thomas Hooker

he disagreed with Winthrop over who should be admitted to church membership. He led a group and formed a colony of Connecticut.

The Halfway Covenant (1662)

Incoming newcomers and children of early Puritan church members in New England had to prove to church elders that they had converted. It was hard to show a conversion.

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

Teenage girls were the first to be accused of witchcraft, and this meant the accused were thought to be working with Satan.

Pennsylvania

In 1681, King Charles II gave William Penn 25,000 square miles of property to pay off a debt to Penn's father. The monarch called the province _____ after his father.

Religious Society of Friends

formal name of Quakerism

Quakerism

This guided Pennsylvania's founding. Followers believed God treated them equally.

Friend

was Quakers address to each other.

holy experiment

Penn sought to start a "_____" in the New World to apply their egalitarian precepts. They were religiously tolerant and opposed slavery.

Philadelphia

In the 17th century, ____, Pennsylvania's largest city, outranked New York as a commercial center.

New Jersey and Delaware

In 1631, the Dutch first settled _______, but all of the original settlers were murdered in a conflict with American Indians.

William Penn

In 1664, the Duke of York granted Delaware to ____, and Penn included it in his Pennsylvania land grant.

Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton

The Duke handed ________, two allies, the land between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers near New York to form New Jersey.

New York

In 1664, the Dutch dubbed New Amsterdam as ____. It was a major commercial port, and English rulers increased slave labor.

Negro Plot of 1741

20 whites and 150 blacks were arrested. 30 persons were executed, more than during the Salem witch trials.

Carolina

In 1663, King Charles II established _____ as a prize for eight noblemen who helped him restore monarchy.

South Carolina

In 1719, ____ became a royal colony, and aristocratic landowners controlled thousands of slaves.

Georgia

In 1732, Britain handed a license to James Oglethorpe to create the colony of _____, seeking to construct a paternalistic colony for Britain's "deserving poor".

selectmen

New England town meetings were face-to-face decision-making assemblies open to all free male residents. These annual assemblies elected "_______" to administer the town until the following meeting.

House of Burgesses

In 1619, the Virginia Company established the _____. This representative assembly was founded by the firm to administer the colony's residents.

Redemptioners

They may bargain and reject unfair offers, unlike indentured laborers. They prospered in Pennsylvania, where their level of life was higher than in any other agricultural region in the eighteenth century, despite initial obstacles.

Molasses Act of 1733

An Act of the Parliament of Great Britain that imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on imports of molasses from non-British colonies.

Huron

By the 1630s, the _____, who numbered between 20,000 and 40,000 at European contact, were decimated by French settlers, notably Jesuit priests.

measles and smallpox

In 1634, a _____ pandemic killed half to two-thirds of the Huron tribe.

Catawba people

As wandering peddlers, they sold ceramics, baskets, and moccasins in colonial South Carolina villages.

alcohol

The introduction of ______ as a means of payment for products by settlers led to drunkenness, brawls, and instability in Catawba culture.

Mercantilism

It believed that governments should acquire precious metals to maximize their influence due to the world's limited wealth.

Navigation Acts

From the 1650s to the American Revolution, Britain used ____ to establish the colonies as raw material suppliers and marketplaces for British goods.

Tar, pitch, and mast trees

These items were among the "enumerated goods" from the colonies that could only be exported to Britain.

King James I

Due of brutality against American Indians, high death rates, and mismanagement, _____ canceled the Virginia Company's charter in 1624 and proclaimed Virginia a royal colony under the jurisdiction of a king-appointed governor.

Sir Edmund Andros

He controlled the Dominion of New England when royal officials annulled the charters of all colonies north of the Delaware River in 1686.

Glorious Revolution

In 1688, James's wife had a son, and if his son became king, England would have a Catholic king and possibly more Catholic monarchs. Protestant parliamentarians deposed King James in the "______."

English Bill of Rights

The Glorious Revolution ended absolute monarchy in England and established the ______.

The Beaver Wars (1640–1701)

This war show how trade and European armament destabilized American Native relations. The Dutch and French traded firearms and furs with aboriginal communities at trading posts.

Great Britain and France

King William's War, Queen Anne's War, and King George's War were European battles between ______

French and Indian War (1754–1763)

This war ended French rule in North America. Some tribes allied with the British, while others allied with the French.

King Williamʼs War (1688–1697)

This war was the New World version of France's Nine Years' War with an alliance. It was caused by British colonists encroaching on Acadia and American Native factions aligned with the British and French.

Great Settlement (1701)

The Iroquois Confederacy signed the _____ with France and other Indian countries after the war, making them neutral in the North American power struggle.

Queen Anneʼs War (1702–1713)

This war involved European powers and North and South American Indigenous groups.

Wabanaki Confederacy

The _____ raided Deerfield, Massachusetts, as French and British soldiers struggled for territory.

Chickasaw

British colonists used the _____ tribe to buy enslaved Choctaws from their traditional opponent, despite tensions between Great Britain and Spain over the line between Spanish Florida and British Carolina.

King Georgeʼs War (1744–1748)

This war was fought in New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia. It included a successful siege of the newly completed French Castle of Louisbourg in Nova Scotia, as well as the destruction of Saratoga, New York, by French and Indian forces.

The Pequot War (1634–1638)

A violent war between American Indians and British colonists in New England, changed the region's demographics.

King Philipʼs War (1675–1678)

In 1675, three Wampanoags executed in Plymouth for killing a Christianized Wampanoag sparked fighting. The war killed the most European settlers in North America.

Metacomet

the grandson of Massasoit, attacked Massachusetts villages, destroying several and killing over 1,000 people. He was murdered by the New Englanders' Mohawk counterattack.

prayer cities

Puritan missionaries constructed "____" for "praying Indians" to convert them to Christianity, but they had to dress like Europeans and give up their spiritual practices.

Popé's Rebellion

In 1680, New Mexico rebelled against Spanish rule in the Pueblo Revolt, also known as ____.

Santa Fe

This was the hub of attacks on Spanish Franciscan priests and civilians. Spanish residents fled but returned later in the decade.

Nathaniel Bacon

A lower-level planter, championed the cause of the frontier farmers and became their leader. He led a group of them into Jamestown, where they burned down the residences of the rich planters as well as the capital building.

John Casor

In 1640, ______, an indentured servant of African heritage, was declared a slave for life.

Stono rebellion

The most notable slave uprising of the colonial period was the _____ in 1739, which resulted in the murder of twenty slave owners and the plundering of half a dozen plantations.

George Whitefield

the most famous preacher, visited the North American colonies seven times and delivered an emotive Christian message to thousands of people.

Deism

It was a form of worship adopted by educated colonists in the 1700s, where God was seen as a distant entity.

Deists

They believed that God had created the world and created a series of natural laws to govern it, aligned with the Enlightenment ethos.

John Peter Zenger

In 1733, he founded the New York Weekly Journal

Benjamin Franklin

In 1729, he took over the Pennsylvania Gazette.

Low Church

The ______, a liberal spirituality influenced by Enlightenment thought, was adopted by certain Anglican theologians.

John Leverett, Jr.

In England and the colonies, these reformers opposed extremism, superstition, and conservatism. ______, who became Harvard's president in 1708, led this liberal, independent shift.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

This Edict granted Calvinist Protestants in France religious freedom.

Baruch Spinoza

the Dutch philosopher from a Portuguese Jewish family, embraced the idea in the mid-1600s.

A Letter About Toleration; A Treatise on Toleration

John Locke's "" and Voltaire's "__" advocated Christian tolerance.

First Amendment

The Statute of Religious Toleration (1649) and the Flushing Remonstrance (1657) in colonial America were precursors to the ____ of the United States Constitution.

Dominion of New England

British authorities canceled the charters of colonies from New Jersey to Massachusetts and gained full authority in 1686, creating the _____.

John Locke

a British political theorist, contended that government should safeguard "natural rights" in the colonies.

Cato

John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon's pseudonym "_____" was a prominent Country Party essayist in the American press.

Cato's Letters

eventually published in Essays on Liberty, Civil and Religious, criticized British political corruption and warned against tyranny.