Teratogens and Prenatal Exposure (Video Notes)

Flashcards covering teratogens, critical periods, thalidomide, mercury/Minamata, alcohol, cigarettes, and illegal drugs (cocaine, NAS, opioids).

What are teratogens?

Environmental agents that can harm the embryo or fetus.

What is a 'critical period'?

A time when the embryo/fetus is especially vulnerable to teratogens. (5 to 7 weeks)

What was the Thalidomide case?

A drug given for nausea in the 1950s to 1960s; caused limb deformities if taken during the critical period of limb development.

What is Minamata Disease?

A neurological disorder from severe mercury poisoning (Japan, 1950s).

What are the effects of mercury exposure during pregnancy?

Birth defects, brain damage, developmental delays.

What is the most common human teratogen?

Alcohol.

Why does alcohol harm the fetus?

The fetus cannot metabolize it effectively, leading to buildup.

Which age group is most likely to drink and binge drink during pregnancy?

Younger women (ages 18–24).

What facial deformities are associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

Small eyes, thin upper lip, no philtrum

What physical health problems are associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

Growth deficiencies, heart defects.

What psychological/behavioral issues are associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

Learning disabilities, ADHD, poor impulse control.

Do FAS effects fade over time?

No, problems often persist (academic + behavioral deficits).

What crosses the placenta from cigarettes?

Nicotine and carbon monoxide.

What are fetal effects of smoking during pregnancy?

Cognitive difficulties, low birth weight, preterm birth, stillbirth.

Which groups are more likely to smoke during pregnancy?

Certain demographics (per CDC 2016 data).

What problems can cocaine cause for the fetus?

Birth complications, cognitive issues, hyperactivity, attention problems.

What drugs commonly cause Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)?

Heroin and methadone (opioids).

What is Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)?

Withdrawal symptoms in newborns exposed to drugs in utero.

Symptoms of NAS?

Irritability, tremors, poor feeding, sleep problems, high-pitched crying.

How long does NAS usually last?

A few weeks.

How is NAS treated?

Supportive care (swaddling, low-stimulation environment, sometimes medication).

Why is it hard to study long-term effects of prenatal drug exposure?

Difficult to separate drug effects from environmental/social factors.