BIOETHICS CHAP 12-13 pt.1

procreation

____ has been understood as human conception resulting from the sexual union of a man and a woman.

Artificial insemination

it consists of depositing a man's semen in the vagina, cervical canal, or uterus, through the use of instruments (e.g., a syringe) to bring about conception unattained or unattainable by sexual intercourse.

 intravaginal, intracervical, or intrauterine

Artificial insemination process may be either:

 intravaginal

placing the semen in the vaginal vault

 intracervical

placing the semen in the cervical cavity

 intrauterine

placing the semen in the uterus

1. masturbation after a short period of abstinence from ejaculation (3 to 12 days)-the quality of semen is improved by a short period of abstinence

2. condomistic intercourse

3. coitus interruptus

4. anal massage of the prostate gland

5. direct puncture of the epididymis (excretory duct of the testicle)

 several methods of extracting semen for Al purposes:

John Hunter

he carried out the first recorded successful human Al in London in 1785.

J. Marion Sims

he performed the first human Al in the U.S. in 1866.

homologous insemination (AIH) and heterologous insemination (AID)

two basic types of Al are:

homologous insemination (AIH)

 in which the semen is obtained from the husband himself

heterologous insemination (AID)

a technique in which the semen is acquired from a donor other than the husband.

homologous fertilization or procreation

is artificial insemination by the husband

heterologous fertilization

is artificial insemination by a donor.

homologous artificial insemination and homologous IVF or ET (in vitro fertilization or embryo transfer)

AIH can be carried out through two different methods:

homologous artificial insemination

a technique used to facilitate human conception through the transfer of extracted semen from her husband into a woman's vagina

"do-it-yourself" AI

with an Al specialist's instruction, a woman can artificially inseminate herself by using a medical syringe; hence, this is sometimes called the ____

homologous IVF or ET (in vitro fertilization or embryo transfer)

a technique used to facilitate human conception through in vitro fertilization of the generative cells (sperm and ovum) of a couple-the newly conceived embryo is transferred into the wife's uterus for gestation

1. A husband's impotence, wherein he is incapable of sustaining an erection or achieving ejaculation which is necessary for fertilization

2. anatomical defects of a husband's urethra

3. oligospermia, which is characterized by a low sperm count or a defect in the quality of the sperm

4. some types of spinal injury and certain physical and psychological problems that hinder normal intercourse

5. some husbands who undergo vasectomy for contraceptive purposes have their semen stored for eventual use in the future if, for some unforeseen reason, they decide to have a child

6. physiological obstructions in the genital apparatus of the wife,

Justifications for AIH:

oligospermia

which is characterized by a low sperm count or a defect in the quality of the sperm

heterologous artificial insemination and heterologous IVF and ET

AID can be conducted by means of either of the following methods:

heterologous artificial insemination

the technique used to obtain human conception through the transfer of the sperm previously extracted from a donor other than the husband into the genital tracts of the wife

heterologous IVF and ET

the technique used to obtain human conception through in vitro fertilization of the generative cells taken from at least one donor other than the two spouses in marriage

ovum donor treatment

If the wife's oocytes are defective, the process to be employed is medically known as ____

1. another man's semen is artificially inseminated into the wife's genital tracts for fertilization and conception

2. the male donor's semen is used to fertilize the egg cell in vitro

If the husband's sperm are defective, there are two possible methods to be undertaken:

1. The husband is sterile (azoospermia)

2. the husband is a carrier of a hereditary disease

3. he wife's oocytes are defective, or she may also be a carrier of certain genetically-linked disorders

4. the wife's Fallopian tubes are severely damaged by sexually transmitted infections

Justifications for AID

azoospermia

The husband is sterile is known as

Dr. Rogelio P. Mendoza

 he has been leading the specialization in Al in the country.

Aristotle

he argued that one had to study the living body to understand biological functions and malfunctions.

Vivisection

 is a form of ancient experimentation performed on living animals, including man, using operations (e.g., cutting or dissecting) designed to promote some knowledge of physiological and pathological processes

Nuremberg Code (1946)

a ten-point statement of the principles that should be followed in conducting human experimentations

1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.

2. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.

3. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment.

4. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons.

The Nuremberg Code:

contemporary medicine

it conducts studies and researches in which data are collated to test hypotheses and general theories related to diseases and their treatment