Year Nine History - The Industrial Revolution, WW1, WW2

What time period does 'Pre-Industrial' refer to?

‘Pre-Industrial’ refers to the time period before the Industrial Revolution, typically from the late Middle Ages to the late 18th century.

What does OACPRUA stand for?

ORIGIN

AUDIENCE

CONTENT

PURPOSE

RELIABILITY

USEFULNESS

AUTHENTICITY

What time period does 'Industrial Revolution' refer to?

1750s-1900s

What was life like before the Industrial Revolution?

• 9/10 people lived in rural areas

• There was an upper (rich) and lower class but no middle class

• Food was raised on small farms

• No electronics

• Time based on the rise/setting of the sun

• No public education

• People didn’t travel much

What occupation did most people have?

They were farmers

Suggest a reason for why 25% of newborns died by their first birthday

There was little knowledge about medicine and they rarely took baths.

Define the industrial revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that transformed economies through the introduction of machinery, leading to urbanization and significant social changes.

What Industrial Revolution invention do you think was the most important? Explain your answer

Steam engine - It was the starting point of all industrial revolution, it would transport goods

Spinning Jenny - It was more efficient to make clothes

Suggest a reason for the large number of inventions during the Industrial Revolution

The large number of inventions during the Industrial Revolution can be attributed to factors such as technological advancements, increased demand for goods, access to resources, and the rise of capitalism driving innovation.

What were the consequences (both good and bad) of inventions during this time?

More mass produced products for the demand, climate change and pollution, less time consuming to create objects

Describe the living conditions during the Industrial Revolution. Refer to dirt and disease

It was very harsh and poor, most people had no idea how dirt and disease could affect them, in that time it was safer to drink beer rather than water (cholera!!)

Describe working conditions during the Industrial Revolution. Refer to Child Labour

• Long days, typically ten to twelve hours a day

• Dangerous machinery, there were exposed blades and gears that could injure fingers and hands

• Low pay, a typical wage for male workers was about 15 shillings (0.17 aud) a week, but women and children were paid much less, with women earning around 7 shillings (0.10 aud), and children earning 3.

Explain what Chartism is and why it evolved during the Industrial revolution

Chartism was a movement in Britain during the Industrial Revolution. It aimed to gain political rights and influence for the working class, who were facing harsh conditions due to industrialization. Chartists demanded reforms such as universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and equal electoral districts to address social and economic inequalities.

Why were crime rates increased during the Industrial Revolution?

• Everyone was poor and so they resorted to stealing

• The pollution made it hard to see so it was easier to steal

What is Nationalism? Why’d did it emerge during the Industrial revolution

Nationalism is the idea that nations exist and have a right to govern themselves. It emerged during the Industrial Revolution due to factors like shared culture, language, and desire for self-governance.

What is an empire?

A group of countries or regions that are controlled by one ruler or one government

Outline the global consequences (good and bad) of the British Empire. Refer to the spread of the Industrial Revolution.

• Spread of technology and infrastructure

• Economic growth in colonies

• Exploitation of resources and people

Source A has some value as the red areas show the extent of the land controlled by the British in the 19th Century. However, a limitation of this source is it does not detail the products Britain received from its Empire, or any other consequences of imperialism.

Name TWO (2) of the ‘Great-isms’

Capitalism, Socialism, Egalitarianism, Unionism, Nationalism

Outline the MAIN causes of World War I

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Explain one significant social change that was a result of the Industrial Revolution

Urbanisation, Increased factory-labour, industrialisation of cities, decrease in manual farming, increase in Global Trade….

Which event marked the beginning of Australia’s federation? What year did this happen?

The Federation of Australia 1901

Who was the first Prime Minister of Australia?

Edmund Barton

Name a government legislation, intervention or debate during the Home Front in WWI

Conscription debate, Women’s Peace Army (Vida Goldstein), Australian Army Nursing Service, War Precautions Act (1914) - censorship, Gender role debates

Name one NON-EUROPEAN group that settled in Australia

Chinese (Gold-Mining), Japanese (Pearling), South Sea Islanders (Sugar Cane), Afghans (traders)

Define Suffrage. What year did Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples gain suffrage?

Suffrage – The Right to Vote

ATSI Suffrage - 1967

What century did the Industrial Revolution begin?

18th Century (1750)

Name TWO (2) new military technologies

Gas, Tanks, Submarines, Planes, Machine Guns

What was the primary cause of the Eureka Stockade rebellion in 1854?

High taxation on gold miners with a lack of representation

Describe the working conditions of factory workers during the early Industrial Revolution.

Long hours, low wages, dangerous conditions, child labour, little to no breaks.

Name TWO (2) reasons why Australians enlisted in WWI

Duty, Adventure, Shame, Britishness, Nationalism

Which social class grew significantly as a result of industrialisation?

The (Industrial) Working Class

Australia declared war on Germany on the same day as Britain in 1914

true

Who was Australia's Prime Minister at the outbreak of war in 1914?

Joseph Cook

How many Australian soldiers enlisted in World War I in total?

Over 400,000

What symbol of cowardice was given to Australian men who didn't enlist in World War I?

A white feather

What were the TWO main reasons some Australians objected to World War I?

Firstly, some people believed that Australia had no reason to be involved in a European war. Secondly, some people were pacifists and conscientious objectors who opposed the violence of war. They believed that enough people had joined up and that they were not needed.

Explain THREE reasons why Australian men enlisted in World War I.

• Many men had a strong sense of patriotism and wanted to help Australia prove itself to the world by enlisting in the war.

• Australia had inherited a militaristic culture that glorified war from Britain, which led to more men wanting to participate.

• Many men enlisted because they felt a strong connection to Britain and felt a sense of duty to support the British Empire's war efforts.

• Many men associated war with adventure and wanted the opportunity to travel and make friends.

• There was pressure on men to enlist, with some women giving men who didn't enlist a white feather to symbolise their cowardice.

• Regular pay motivated many men to enlist for secure employment and a good wage.

Outline features of the trench system in World War I.

• Trenches were approximately 2m tall x 2m wide.

• Trenches were configured in three lines, including a reserve, support and frontline trench connected by communication trenches.

• Trenches were normally zig-zagged to contain the impact of shrapnel.

• Enemy trenches were separated by a stretch of unclaimed land filled with barbed wire and shell holes called No Man's Land.

• Soldiers lived, worked and slept in the trenches, only ever going 'over the top' in offensives designed to break the stalemate.

When were chemical weapons first used in World War 1

1915

During World War I, tanks were highly effective.

False, Tanks were not highly effective. In fact, only 31/49 of the early tanks deployed to France were able to cross German lines. The rest broke down due to mechanical failures!

In what year were tanks first used in World War I?

1916, during the battle of the somme

Provide reasons as to why artillery was important in trench warfare.

• Trenches were far apart and artillery was needed to fire munitions long-distance.

• Artillery caused damage to enemy lines without sending troops “over the top” into danger.

• Artillery was often used to weaken enemy resistance in the lead-up to a battle.

• Artillery was important for the war of attrition as it could be fired at all times of the day.

Where is the Gallipoli Peninsula?

Turkeys western coast

Describe the Anzac withdrawal from Gallipoli.

The Anzacs withdrew from Gallipoli during the night of December 19th, 1915. The evacuation was done as sneakily as possible, with muffles placed on horse hooves and gunfire used as a diversion. It was a successful withdrawal with very few Entente casualties.

justify why Gallipoli could be described as a 'terrible chapter' in Australia's history.

The Gallipoli campaign can be described as "one of the most terrible chapters in our history" because of its failure and heavy casualties. Anzac troops were locked in a stalemate for eight months with little success. Because of the Anzacs' inexperience and the strength of the Turkish forces, Australia eventually had to evacuate. This failure made the campaign an embarrassing chapter in Australia's history, as the source points out. In addition, the campaign resulted in thousands of deaths on both sides for no military gain, which is why some people might describe Gallipoli as a terrible chapter.

Western front battles

February to November 1916	Battle of Verdun
July to November 1916	Battle of the Somme
July to November 1917	Battle of Passchendaele

What battle was successful in breaking the stalemate on the Western Front?

A Battle of Verdun

B Battle of the Somme

C Battle of Passchendaele

D None of the above

It's none of the above! The Battle of Verdun, Battle of the Somme and Battle of Passchendaele were all unsuccessful in breaking the stalemate on the Western Front, resulting in high casualties for little gain.

How many British troops died on the first day of the Battle of the Somme?

20, 000

Describe ONE key battle on the Western Front.

• The Battle of Verdun lasted from February to November 1916 in a symbolically important location in France. Germans used heavy shelling and flank attacks to try and take the fortress, but neither side won. There were huge casualties on both sides.

In what year did the US enter WWI

1917

Explain how the German Spring Offensive led to the end of World War I.

Starting in March 1918, the German Spring Offensive broke the stalemate and initially made significant gains on the Western Front thanks to the Germans' effective use of stormtrooper units and the creeping barrage technique. However, the Germans couldn't sustain these gains because their troops were exhausted. In comparison, the Entente forces had higher morale and were refreshed because the American troops had just entered the war on their side. The Entente troops were consequently able to push the Germans back until they admitted defeat, ending World War I.

MILITARISM

Where a country builds up its military or when military leaders make government decisions

ALLIANCES

An agreement between 2+ countries to support and defend each other during war

IMPERIALISM

The belief that stronger, more powerful countries should rule over weaker countries

What caused the outbreak of WW1

The assasination of archduke franz ferdinand

Who was WW1 mainly between

Western Europe (and their allies)

When did WW1 start and end

1914-1918

Give examples of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism,

Militarism) Naval arms race (trying to create the best navy)  between Britain and Germany

Alliances) Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) and Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)

Imperialism) Desire to acquire more land and power in Germany and Britain

Nationalism) Countries wanting freedom from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Where Australians Fought

1. Gallipoli (Dardanelles)

2. Balkans (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania)

3. Africa (Kamerun, Togoland, German South-West Africa, German East Africa)

4. Eastern Front (Russia-Germany Border)

5. Romanian Front (Romania)

6. Western Front (Northern France, Belgium)

7. Sinai and Palestine

8. German New Guinea and surrounding areas

9. Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq)

10. Italian Front (Northern Italy)

11. Caucasus (Russian Black Sea coast)

What country was the Battle of Hamel fought in?

France

What countries are in the Triple Entente

(Britain, France, Russia)

What countries are in the Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy