Medical Interventions 1.2

ribosomes

This structure makes proteins

plasmids

These are small circular DNA

cell wall

This structure gives the cell its shape and surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane, protecting it from the environment

pili

These are small hair-like projections, assists bacteria in attaching to other cells or surfaces.

cytoplasm

This is the site where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out

nucleoid

This structure is a region where single, long chromosomal DNA is located

plasma membrane

This structure is around the cytoplasm that regulates the entrance and exit of molecules

flagella

This structure causes MOVEMENT in a bacterial cell. hair-like structure, moves bacteria

endotoxins

These are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. They are associated with Gram-negative bacteria whether the organisms are pathogenic or not. It is a toxic substance bound to the bacterial call wall and released when the bacterium ruptures or disintegrates

gram positive

This type of bacteria has a THICK PEPTIDOGLYCAN WALL, and STAINS PURPLE:

retain the color of crystal violet stain in the gram stain and have a cell wall composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan

gram negative

This type of bacteria has a THIN PEPTIDOGLYCAN WALL, STAINS PINK:

lose the crystal violet stain and take on the color of the red counterstain. Have a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan

sulfa antibiotics

Type of antibiotic that: INHIBITS FOLIC ACID CREATION: works by binding and inhibiting a specific enzyme called dihydroperoate synthase. This enzyme is critical for the synthesis of folate, an essential nutrient for bacteria, (inhibits pathways)

penicillin

Type of antibiotic that: STOPS CELL WALL PRODUCTION (BEST IN GRAM+):

works by interfering with the cell wall causing it to be unable to synthesize a cell wall

tetracyclines

Type of antibiotic that: INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: interferes with the ability to produce proteins by binding to ribosomes

fluoroquinolones

Type of antibiotic that: INHIBITS DNA SEPARATION/REPLICATION:

destroying enzymes in bacteria and prevents bacteria from replicating DNA

Mutation, Efflux, destruction

What are the 3 ways bacteria outsmart antibiotics?

mutation

change in DNA;

conjugation

ONE WAY PLASMID TRANSFER/"BACTERIA SEX":

plasmids transfer between bacteria; pilli attach to each other

transformation

PLASMID TRANSFER, "NAKED/FREE DNA":

genes transferred from one bacteria to another

transduction

VIRUS, VECTOR:

transferred from one bacteria to another inside a virus (between viral DNA and bacterial DNA)

what happens when you forget to take antibiotics

most resistant bacteria remain in the body.

bacterial capsule

what is this structure?

nucleoid

What is this structure?

plasmid

What is this structure?

flagella

What is the tail-like structure?

The process in which bacteria transport compounds outside the cell which are potentially toxic, such as drugs or chemicals or compounds

What is efflux?

zone of inhibition

This is the area where antibiotics stopped the bacteria from growing on the petri dish

Inactivation/destruction

This occurs when the bacterial cell destroys the antibiotic with an enzyme