Functional Groups in Organic Structures

Alcohol

OH bonded to a C

Primary Alcohol

COH bonded to R

Secondary Alcohol

COH bonded to two other R

Tertiary Alcohol

COH bonded to three other R

Alkane

C single bonded to C

Alkene

C double bonded to C

Alkyne

C triple bonded to C

Halide Group

Functional group that contains a Halogen

Fluoride

Functional group that contains a Fluorine

Chloride

Functional group that contains a Chlorine

Bromide

Functional group that contains a Bromine

Iodide

Functional group that contains a Iodine

Amine

N attached to a C except for if that C is part of a Carbonyl group

Primary Amine

NH2 bonded to one R

Secondary Amine

NH bonded to two R

Tertiary Amine

N bonded to 3 R

Thiol

SH bonded to R

Ether

O bonded to two R

Sulfide (thioether)

S bonded to two R

Carbonyl Group

C double bonded to O

Aldehyde

C double bonded to O and single bonded to H and R

Ketone

C double bonded to O and single bonded to two R

Carboxylic acid

C double bonded to O and single bonded to OH and R

Ester

C double bonded to O and single bonded to R and OR

Amide

C double bonded to O and single bonded to R and NR₂

Thioester

C double bonded to O and single bonded to R and SR

Aromatic Ring

A ring of carbons with alternating single and double bonds

Phenol

Aromatic compound (C₆H₅OH)

Nitrile

C triple bonded to N and single bonded to R