AIC Exam 2

A set of flashcards detailing key concepts and terminology related to test development, intelligence assessment, and learning disability criteria, including historical and contemporary figures and their contributions.

Item Pool

A large collection or reservoir of potential test items from which final test questions are chosen.

Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT)

A computer-based method that adjusts the difficulty of items based on the test taker’s previous answers, making testing faster and more precise.

Francis Galton

Believed intelligence was linked to sensory abilities; viewed intelligence as inherited and founded the eugenics movement.

Alfred Binet

Created the first modern intelligence test to identify children needing extra academic support; emphasized reasoning and higher mental processes.

David Wechsler

Defined intelligence as a combination of qualitatively different abilities and developed scales for different ages (WISC, WAIS, WPPSI).

Eugenics

A movement focused on improving human heredity, often tied to racist or discriminatory practices.

Prenatal Influences on IQ

Exposure to various substances and conditions during pregnancy that may affect a child's intelligence.

Stability of IQ

IQ tends to be relatively stable after early childhood but can be influenced by environment, health, and education.

General Factor (g)

One underlying mental ability influencing all intellectual performance.

Multiple Factors

The concept that intelligence includes several distinct abilities, such as reasoning, memory, and processing speed.

Response to Intervention (RTI)

A multi-level system for identifying and supporting students with learning difficulties.

IDEA vs DSM-5 TR Definitions of SLD

IDEA focuses on educational performance; DSM-5 TR focuses on clinical diagnosis of persistent academic skill difficulties.

Aptitude Test

Measures potential to learn or develop skills through informal learning and life experiences.

Psychoeducational Test Battery

A set of tests measuring both cognitive ability and academic achievement to identify strengths, weaknesses, and learning disorders.

Role of Judy Heumann

Disability rights leader who organized and led the 504 sit-in and was instrumental in pushing for the ADA.

Informed Consent

Test takers must know the purpose, procedures, risks, and how results will be used, and must agree voluntarily.

Preliminary questions during test conceptualization

Key considerations before creating a test: What is the test measuring and why? Who will use it and how will scores be interpreted? What's the best item format? Is special training required to administer or interpret it? How will test results be used (e.g., clinical, educational, research)?

Think-aloud testing

A method of qualitative item analysis where examinees verbalize their thoughts while answering test items.

Expert panels

A method of qualitative item analysis where subject matter experts review test items for quality and appropriateness.

Sensitivity review

A method of qualitative item analysis where test items are checked for bias, stereotypes, or offensive content.

Why intelligence assessments were created

Initially, to identify students needing educational support. More broadly, to classify abilities for various purposes, such as military placement and predicting academic performance.

Gf

Fluid Reasoning (problem-solving and abstract thinking)

Gc

Crystallized knowledge (learned knowledge and verbal skills)

Gsm

Short-term memory

Gwm

Working memory (ability to hold and manipulate information in mind)

Glr

Long-term memory and retrieval

Gv

Visual processing

Ga

Auditory processing

Gs

Processing speed

Gt

Reaction time

Grw

Reading/writing skills

Gq

Quantitative (math) knowledge

Larry P v. Riles case impact

California court banned IQ testing for Black students for special education placement due to cultural and racial bias in tests

Issues with IQ assessment

cultural and linguistic bias, over reliance on standardized scores, socioeconomic influences, and misuse for labeling or discrimination

DSM-5 criteria for Specific Learning Disability (SLD)

Difficulties learning and using academic skills (reading, writing, or math) lasting at least 6 months, not due to intellectual disability or other conditions

What is an aptitude test

Measures potential to learn or develop skills through informal learning and life experiences ex. ACT, GRE, DAYC tests. Aptitude assessments evaluate an individual's capability to succeed in various tasks or fields.

What is IDEA?

a federal law ensuring students with disabilities have the right to receive a free appropriate public education tailored to their individual needs.

What does IDEA focus on?

educational performance and RTI, used in schools 

What is the DSM-5 TR?

A manual used by clinicians and researchers for the classification and diagnosis of mental disorders.

RTI tier 1

general classroom instruction for all

RTI tier 2

small-group, targeted support

RTI tier 3

Intensive, individualized help

Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)

an evidence-based framework designed to provide varying levels of support to students based on their individual needs, aiming to improve academic and behavioral outcomes.

MTSS tier 1

university support for all

MTSS tier 2

targeted small-group support

MTSS tier 3

intensive individual interventions

Focus of Camp Jened

A summer camp for teens with disabilities that promoted independence, equality, and community.

Type of activism used in the disability rights movement

Grassroots and disability rights activism including protests, sit-ins, and coalition building.

Role of the Black Panthers in the 504 Sit-In

They supported the protestors by providing food and resources during the extended sit-in for disability rights.

Treatment of disabled people prior to the disability rights movement

Institutionalization, exclusion from education and employment, and lack of accessibility or rights.

President who signed the ADA into law

George H. W. Bush (1990).

Pros of culture-specific tests

Reduce cultural bias, more accurate for target groups.

Cons of culture-specific tests

harder to compare across populations; limited generalizability