APUSH Review Unit 3-4

AP U.S. History Vocabulary Flashcards for Units 3 and 4

French & Indian War/7 Years War

Conflict between the British & French (allied with natives) regarding territorial expansion.

Albany Congress (Albany Convention)

Meeting to review British colonial defense against the French, leading to the Albany Plan of Union.

Albany Plan of Union

Benjamin Franklin's plan to create a council to control colonial affairs, which failed but set the stage for a revolutionary congress.

Impressment

Forcing American colonists to be part of the British Royal Navy.

Proclamation of 1763

Prohibited colonists from expanding westward after the French & Indian War to prevent conflict with natives.

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Riot led by Chief Pontiac to stop colonial expansion (1763-66).

Salutary Neglect

The unofficial policy to have relaxed rule over the colonies (mostly before the war).

Navigational Acts

Constricted colonial trade to British ships and trains only.

Grenville’s Plan

Prime minister Grenville’s plan wanted stricter law enforcement and extended wartime provisions into peacetime to reinstate power into the colonies

Taxation without Representation

Belief that colonists should not be taxed without representation, leading to protest groups like the Sons/Daughters of Liberty.

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

Petition to stop the Stamp Act (which worked) and the Sugar Act.

Declaratory Act

Stated that Britain can put any laws on the colonies.

Townsend Acts

Taxed items like tea, paper, glass, leading to colonial protests and boycotts.

Boston Massacre (1770)

British soldiers shot and killed protesting colonists in 1770.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Sons of Liberty dumped tons of tea into the harbor to protest the new tea tax of 1773.

Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts

Acts passed in response to the Boston Tea Party that closed the harbor until the tea was paid for.

John Locke’s “2 Treaties of Government”

Beliefs that pushed the ideas of natural rights & self-rule.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau “Social Contract”

Belief that the people give up certain rights to be protected by the government.

Montesquieu

Created the idea of separation of powers/checks & balances, and the 3 branches of government (republican government).

Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”

Showed need for colonial independence, using biblical references and being readily available to the mass public.

The Enlightenment

Emphasized reason, science, and individualism, encouraging democracy instead of aristocracy.

Calvinism

Theological principle that God is all powerful and the only one who can control churches & government.

Protestant Work Ethic

Concept emphasizing hard work & diligence, believed that working hard was a divine act to God.

Jonathan Mayhew

Minister who argued resisting tyranny was a moral duty, blending religious ideas to political rhetorics.

The Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Final attempt for peace with Britain before the American Revolution, which failed.

Patriot Cause

Movement of independence from Britain during the American Revolution, backed by the Continental Congress and enlightenment writings like “Common Sense”.

Loyalists

Colonists who were against independence.

Patriotists

Colonists who were for independence.

Valley Forge (1778-79)

Site of colonial camps that were extremely difficult for them due to harsh winters but would unify the army.

Battle of Trenton (1776)

Surprise attack on Hessian missionaries led by George Washington, colonial victory.

Franco – American Alliance (1778)

Alliance of France and American during the war to allow French naval power and troops to help.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Big turning point in the war, American victory that in turn convinced France to aide Colonists in the war.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Final battle that solidified Colonial independence.

Paris Peace Treaty (1783)

Officially ended the Revolutionary War and acknowledges the U.S. as an independent nation.

Ladies Association of Philadelphia

Volunteer group of only women who aided to provide materials for soldiers in the war.

Republican Motherhood

Idea that women must be educated to have a strong democracy, to educate their children in Republican ideals.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams, she was a women’s rights activist and represents early feminist movements and the evolving role of women during this time period.

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

Led by Toussaint Louverture to establish the first independent, black republic and inspired abolitionist movements, while also fueling fears of slave revolts among white Americans.

Articles of Confederation (1781)

1st constitution + 1st governing document of the U.S., largely influenced by state constitutions.

Legislative Branch

Branch that makes laws, consisted of representatives of the people.

Property Qualifications

To hold any sort of political power (voting or holding office), you needed to reach a certain property quota.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Promoted public education and protected private property, but most significantly outlawed slavery in the Northwest territory & allowed a way for western land to have a population and gain statehood.

Shay’s Rebellion (1786-87)

Led by Daniel Shay, many angry farmers attempted an uprising in Massachusetts to the town arsenal to arm themselves.

Constitutional Convention (1787)

55 delegates from the states gather in Philadelphia to look at the weaknesses of the Articles or create a new constitution (made a new one.)

Virginia Plan

Called for a strong centralized state, bicameral legislature (2 houses in Congress), and representatives be based on population.

New Jersey Plan

Called for a unicameral legislature and every state to have equal representatives.

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

Compromise of both the Virginia and New Jersey plan, which included a bicameral legislature composed of the House of representatives (population based), and the Senate (equal) with each state having 2 votes.

3/5 Compromise

That 3/5 of the enslaved population could be considered for the HOR.

Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise

Allowed federal power to control interstate commerce but prohibited interference with slave trade in 1808.

Ratification

9/13 states must approve for the constitution to become official or ratified.

Federalists

Approved the constitution

Anti-Federalists

Disapproved of the constitution due to high federal power and weak state power.

Bill of Rights

Added to the constitution to satisfy the anti-federalists, which named individual rights and protections of individuals and states of federal power.

Federalism

The sharing of power between the federal gov and state gov.

Supremacy Clause

States that national laws override state laws when they clash.

Veto

Power for the president to veto laws proposed by the senate.

The Cabinet

The top secretary of every executive department who help the president decide on decisions for the nation.

National Bank

Unify the states and improve US credit.(stabilize national government).

Elastic Clause

Congress can make all laws in certain circumstances.

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

Declaring neutrality on the war between Britain and France, stating the U.S. was too young to fight.

Edmond Genet Affair (1793)

France’s minister to the U.S., tried to rally the people to suport the French, Which Washington responded by trying to get him sent back to France.

Jay’s Treaty (1794)

John Jay (Chief Justice) was sent to stop the British from attacking U.S. naval ships, which in turn made the British withdrawal all posts on the western frontier.

Pinckney Treaty (1795)

Negotiated by Thomas Pinckney, treaty with Spain that allowed the U.S. to continue trade in the Mississippi River through New Orleans.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Americans beat the Indians and as a result all indian owned land in the ohio river valley became unclaimed and free to explore.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Tax on whiskey, causing Pennsylvanian farmers to attack tax collectors. Washington would send the federal militia to stop the rebellion.

Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)

Made it illegal to say anything bad about the Federal government and was believed to be unconstitutional.

Virginia & Kentucky Resolution (1798-1799)

States right to nullify any Federal government law if it goes against the constitution, showing that states have equal power to the central government.

Benjamin Rush - “An Essay on Female Education”

Stated that women must be educated to empower America. Emphasized the growing role of women at the time.

Indian Intercourse Act (1790)

Placed the Federal government in control of all Indian matters.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Required the force removal of Natives to move to Oklahoma, later causing the trail of tears.

Immigrant Origins (Early Republic Era)

Mostly from England, Germany, & Ireland, seeking new opportunities.

Missouri Compromise

To keep slave and non-slave states equal, they made Missouri a Slave state but Maine a a free state.

Revolution of 1800

One of the few times powers was transferred peacefully between 2 parties, when Thomas Jefferson became president after John Adams.

Strict Constructionism

The Federal government can only do what's strictly written in the Constitution.

Marbury V. Madison (1803)

Marbury was appointed as a federal judge by John Adams, believing it was correct under the judiciary act, however Jefferson refused to accept it

Judicial Review

States that the Supreme Court can name laws unconstitutional.

McCulloch V. Maryland

Whether a state can tax a federal bank, as well as national laws trump state laws when they contradict.

Treaty of the 49th Parallel

Agreements defining British and US land after the war.

Market Revolution

Linked northern industries with western and southern farms which was caused by agricultural, technological, and industrial advancements.

National Road

1st major federally funded highway.

Erie Canal

1825 linked west to east and caused more canal building.

Transcontinental Railroad

Connected east & west coasts for transportation.

Cotton Gin

Speed up cotton seeds from fibers.

Subsistence Farming

Farming for your own usage.

Commerical Farming

Cotton tobacco, cash crops, made for money, outgrew from subsistence farming.

Nativists

An advocate for natives (no immigrants).

Cult of Domesticity

Women's purpose was to have kids and to have a nice home, and a job for men to work.

Panic of 1819

Unemployment Rised - Americans we're unable to pay their debts after the 2nd bank tightened their lending policies to stop inflation

Corrupt Bargain

Jackson would be in the lead in popularity, however Henry Clay would use his majority in the HOR to get Adams to win, so he could have a chance of power since he most likely couldn’t be president

Protective Tariff

Tariffs made to increase the sale of domestic made goods and lower the sale of imported goods.

Tariff of 1828

Passed during John Quincy Adams Presidency, raising tariff imports by 35-45%. (Named the Tariff of Abominations).

Internal Improvements

Federal authority, however both parties disagreed heavily on how they should be managed canals and roads

Indian Removal Act of 1830

That all indians be relocated west of the Mississippi river in the Oklahoma territory.

Utopian Communities

Perfect Communities built on transcendentalism.

2nd Great Awakening

Big religious revival in the 1800’s in the U.S.

Temperance

Avoidance of alcohol.

Temperance Movement

Induced by the 2nd Great Awakening, movement of the Protestant Church of moral duty to stop social ills with temperance.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

called to address women's rights, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott.

Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions

written during the Seneca Falls Convention, framed after the Declaration of Independence to show equality of women to men.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

organizing slave revolt in Virginia, killing their master and other whites