Test 2 Cumilative

Henry IV

King of France that recognized Roman Catholicism as the state church but allowed for political freedom for Protestants and undertook agricultural projects to revive economy

Site/ Location

Place Royale

Paris, France

Site/ Location/ Architect

East Façade, Louvre Palace

Paris, France

Louis Le vau, Charles Le Brun, Claude Perrault

Claude Perrault

Physician and amateur architect who was a major figure in French Rationalism

helped design eastern facade of the Louvre

hôtel particulier

A French town-house, usually having a court towards the street enclosed by a wall and then the main building with a garden at the back.

Site/ Location/ Architect

Vaux- le- Vicomte

Maincy, France

Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardouin- Mansart, Charles Le Brun, Andre Le Notre

parterre

An ornamental flower garden laid out in geometrical or botanical designs

André le Nôtre

French landscape architect

Site/ Location/ Architect

Versailles

Versailles, France

Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardouin- Mansart, Charles Le Brun, Andre Le Notre

Louis XIV (1638–1715)

King of France residing in Versailles and symbol of absolute monarchy

Site/ Location

Cathedral of Saint Basil the Blessed

Moscow, Russia

Peter the Great

tsar of Russia who was later proclaimed emperor with the aim of taking over developed countries of Western Europe in order to bolster the national economy and ensure access to the seas

Site/Location

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg, Russia

Thirty Years’ War

A series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Its destructive campaigns and battles occurred over most of Europe; led to creation of Europe as a community of sovereign states

Site/ Location/ Architect

Wurzburg Residence

Wurzburg, Germany

Johann Balthasar Neumann

Rococo

Style in interior design, the decorative arts, painting, architecture, and sculpture that originated in Paris in the early 18th century but was soon adopted throughout France and later in other countries, principally Germany and Austria

Pastels, Gold, White, use of mirrors to create a more open space

Image+ Image Description (Importance to Architecture)

Image: East Facade, Louvre Palace, Paris, France

Importance to Architecture:

• symbolizes the extension of Roman architecture representing the power of the French state

• balanced tradition with innovation as they performed in the practice of keeping certain common features, while introducing new ones

  • features a long row of paired Corinthian columns

• double columns with a narrow space between setting a new standard for palace architecture

Image+ Image Description (Importance to Architecture)

Image: Palace of Versailles, Plan

Importance to Architecture:

• magnificent gardens that allow water t flow through the estate.

• Grand Trianon found above, served as a personal retreat for one of the French king’s wives

• sign of newcoming opportunities as the Town was the surrounding area of the palace where people were encouraged to build

• sign of wealth and power probably

Image+ Image Description (Importance to Architecture)

Image: Saint Petersburg

Importance to Architecture:

• Founded by Peter the Great to replace Moscow as the capital of the Russian state

• attempts to create a gridded plan are shown, but he was unable to finish due to the rapid developments occurring in the south.

• contained the first two structures to be made of stone, church of St. Peter and St. Paul.

identify images and COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Ali Qapu Palace vs Pavillion du Roi

• Both: served as residences for rulers, utilize a central facade and two shorter ones on each side

• Ali Qapu Palace:

  • designed as an entrance portal (Seljuk influence) to the royal complex

  • also functioned as a gathering space and allowed rulers the ability to watch from above

• Pavilion du Roi

  • appears to be welcoming with the extensive use of windows and the three entrances, but it still entails a sort of privacy

identify images and COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Cornaro Chapel vs Hall of Mirrors, Chateau de Versailles

• Both: have detailed sculptural works

• Cornaro Chapel:

  • High Roman Baroque art

  • allowed Bernini to display his knowledge and craftsmanship in both architecture and sculpture

    • sed lighting to create a theatrical show

  • main focal point was the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

• Hall of Mirrors, Chateau de Versailles

  • mirrors and windows contrast

  • designed to display the power and artistic success of France

  • served as a gathering place for games, balls, and receptions

Image+ Image description (Importance to Architectural History)

Image: Piazza del Campidoglio

Importance to Architectural History:

• Designed by Michelangelo post counter- reformation

  • Geometrically styled plaza

  • 4 openings from the sides that lead directly toward the focal point

  • Oval with a statue at the center

  • 5 total entrances

  • traditional courtyard, 4 faces; 3 with buildings and 4th face with the main entrance

    • the 3 buildings are historical relics that showcase prior time periods

  • built on an elevation

Image+ Image description (Importance to Architectural History)

Image: San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane by Borromini

Importance to Architectural History:

• Facade of the renaissance: detachable and placed over the buildings interiors

• HOWEVER, strays away from the renaissance’s strict geometry

  • introduces concave and convex curves that vissually expand the tight space Bromonni had to work with

  • Baroque style of architecture

Image+ Image description (Importance to Architectural History)

Image: Plan, Il Gesu

Importance to architecture:

• simplified plan with no narthex, a single nave without aisles, and transepts that are abridged

• central axis is emphasized by framed niches, as well as by the attached columns to the right and left of the door

• first Jesuit church in Rome

Image+ Image description (Importance to Architectural History)

Image: Plan, St. Peters Square

Importance to architecture:

• Designed by Bernini

• interlinked two piazzas

  • trapezoidal piazza in front of the church

  • great oval piazza opposite the façade in order to accentuate the Basilicas height

    • perceived to be circular due to the vastness of the space

    • obelisk in the center reinforced that feeling of a circular space

    • circular feeling was also emphasized by the colonnades, consisted of two rows of column pairs designed to flare out from the center

Name the sites and COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Interior of the Pazzi Chapel and Interior of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

• Pazzi Chapel: designed by Brunelleschi, represents the strict geometric standards of the renaissance

  • dark columns that emphasize the structural rigidity of the space

• Santra Carlo alle Quattro Fontane: designed by Borromini and is more representative of Baroque architecture

  • pillasters that are more dynamic instead of being flat against the walland being rigid

  • columns alternately screen and shape the central oval space

The Protestant Reformation

challenge to the spiritual and political power of the Church in Rome

Site/ Location/ Architect

Piazza del Campidoglio

Rome, Italy

Michelangelo and Buonarotti

The Sack of Rome, 1527

German and Spanish soldiers under Holy roman emperor plunders Rome,

marks end of High Renaissance

The Counter-Reformation

Chrurch’s response to Martin Luther King and the protestant reformation

Site/ Location/ Architect

Il Gesu

Rome, Italy,

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola

Baroque

Architectural style that is theatrical and exuberant, it employed convex‒concave flowing curves in plan, elevation, and section, optical illusions, complicated geometries and relationships between volumes of different shapes and sizes, emphatic overstatement, daring color, exaggerated modeling, and much architectural and symbolic rhetoric

Site/ Location/ Architect

Palazzo Barbrini

Rome, Italy

Carlo Maderno

enfilade

Baroque alignment of all the doorways (usually sited near the window-walls) in a series or suite of rooms so as to create a vista when the doors were open, as in a palace. It avoided corridors

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Sculptor turned architect at the encouragement of Pope Urban VIII

Site/ Location/ Architect

Cornaro Chapel

Rome, Italy

Bernini

Site/ Location/ Architect

Sant’ Andrea al Quirinale

Rome, Italy

Bernini

Francesco Borromini

sculptor turned architect

Site/ Location/ Architect

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

Rome, Italy

Borromini

Site/ Location/ Architect

Saint Peters square

Rome, Italy

Bernini

feudalism

dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection

encomiendas

Spanish colonial labor system where the Crown granted conquistadors authority over indigenous populations, allowing them to demand tribute and forced labor in mining or agriculture in exchange for protection and Christian conversion

Site/ Location

San Augustin de Acolman

Acolman, Mexico

atrio

a large open court, walled along the edges, that used the façade of the church as a backdrop

capilla abierta

outdoor chapel to conduct Mass at the west end

Plateresque

Intricate, highly decorative style of early 16th-century Spanish architecture, resembling fine silversmith’s work, extravagantly applied to the walls of late-Gothic buildings and generally unrelated to any expression of construction

Site/ Location

San Esteban del Rey

Acoma Puebla, New Mexico

Site/ Location

San Lorenzo de El Escorial

Madrid, Spain

Site/ Location

Church of Santa Prisca

Taxco, Mexico

retablo-facade

Alterpeice facades often divided into multiple levels with columns that framed sculptures and paintings

Churrigueresque

A heavy and rather awkward form of ornament applied mainly to altars, but sometimes to façades, and named after the de Churriguera family of Spanish architects

Site/ Location

Tower of Belem

Lisbon, Portugal

Site/ Location

Church of Sao Francisco de Asis

Ouro Preto, Brazil

Image+ Image description (Importance to architecture)

Image: San Agustin de Acolman, Acolman, Mexico

Importance to Architecture:

• Spanish Missionary Monastery

• Defensive posture of the church

Features unseen to traditional Christian Architecture:

• Open chapel next to entrance, little balcony structure facing courtyard

• Facade: new characteristic architecture associated with earl architecture in spain : Plasteresque, resembling silverwork, style usually tied to universities 

• symbol of indigenous population= melding of two cultures
  

Image+ Image description (Importance to architecture)

Image: Church of Santa Prisca, Taxco, Mexico

Importance to Architecture:

• intricate and detailed ornamentation using the churrigueresque style

• practice of the retablo-facade, which was the division of a structure into multiple levels with columns framing the sculptures and paintings displayed

• most important examples of the Baroque style moving into the Americas

  • features two slender towers, a tiled dome and a carved pink stone

Image+ Image description (Importance to architecture)

Image: Plan, El Escorial, Spain

Importance to Architecture:

• constructed in the shape of a rectangle that represents the grill where Saint Lawrence was martyred

• combined a place, a monastery, church and school in one

• efficiently organized the different rooms within the structure with the basilica at the center, the monastery on the north side, the royal palace on the south and east sides, and the pantheons underground used as a burial chamber for Spanish monarchs

name the sites and COMPARE AND CONTRAST

University of Salamanca representing Plateresque architecture vs El Escorial representing Christian Classicism

• University of Salamanca:

  • blends gothic and renaissance elements and includes detailed ornamentation typical of Plateresque architecture

• El Escorial

  • block-like design; emphasizes balance, order, clarity as there is more symmetry, same orders, and spatial arrangements

    focuses more on the internal space for unity rather than surface ornamentation

Image+ Image Description (Importance to Architectural History)

Site: Taj Mahal

Importance to Architectural History:

• Funerary architecture dedicated to emperor Shah Jahan’s deceased wife that exemplifies cultural synthesis through its use of Iranian, Central Asian, and local architectural techniques and materials

• Marble used throughout structure that provides different degrees of lighting depending on time of day due to how the light interacts with the marble

• Artificially elevated dome by placing a drum at the base so that the dome isn’t obstructed when viewed from the human scale

Image+ Image Description (Importance to Architectural History)

Image: Plan, Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey

Importance to Architectural History:

• Designed to be imposing and instill a sense of fear and reflect the Sultan’s power

  • Creates varying degrees of access to the Sultan through the use of gates (label gates)

    • Example of Gate: Gate of Felicity, which allowed access to the most secret and also the most policed courtyard.

• Implemented several courtyards; outdoors taken equally into consideration as the indoors when designing

• Islamic architectural elements such as domes

Image+ Image Description (Importance to Architectural History)

Image: Plan, Süleymaniye Mosque complex, Istanbul,Turkey

Importance to Architectural History:

• Acts as the anchor for a series of institutions that benefit the community, such as hospitals and madrasas, as seen in plan (point out madrasas and hospital)

• modular approach to the architecture, as seen in plan (point out boxiness)

• Features typical of Islamic architecture: domes and a white and red alternating pattern (geometric designs of islamic architecture)

• Differs from islamic architecture: domes held up by pendentives, sunlight is present throughput the whole space due to the windows being on the side walls and the galleries being pushed back

Image+ Image Description (Importance to Architectural History)

Image: New Maidan Square

Importance to Architectural History:

• symbolic center o the Safavid Dynast

• designed with two stories of shops around its perimeter

• long, modular elements were broken up by the monumental entrances

Name the sites ad COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Interior view of the Hagia Sophia vs Interior view of the Suleymaniye Mosque

Similarities:

• Domes typical of Islamic architecture but being held up by pendentives

• Islamic calligraphy present throughout the space

• “necklace of light” = ring of light exists on the top of both, lightening the space both in terms of light and weight 

Differences:

• Use of light:

  • Hagia Sophia uses light more sparsely to create a darker, heavier atmosphere

  • Suleymaniye mosque: light is pervasive and creates a lighter atmosphere with more clarity

The Ottomans

Turkish tribe that conquered and ended th Byzantine empire

Site/ Location

Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey

Suleiman I

Sultan of the Ottoman empire that aimed to turn Constantinople the center of Islamic civilization, partly through a series of building projects

Mimar Sinan

Architect of sultan Suleiman who essentially created the landscape of Constantinople, main stylistic feature being the fusion of Seljuk features with emphasis on portals, Anatolian stone mastery and Byzantine structural logic of domes

Site/ Location/ Architect

Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey, Mimar Sinan

The Safavids

Shi’a dynastic family that ruled over Iran

Site/ Location

New Maidan, Isfahan, Iran

Site/ Location

Masjid- i- Shah Mosque, Isfahan, Iran

The Mughal Empire

Established when people from present day afghanistan took control of the region from the Delhi sultanate

Architecture peaked under Akbar and Shah Jahan

Akbar

extended Mughal power over the Indian subcontinent and supported programs that strengthened culture and also favored non- Muslim population

Site/ Location

Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India

jali

perforated stone or latticed screen usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy, geometry, or natural patterns.

chhatri (chattri)

semi-open, elevated pavilions

Site/ Location

Taj Mahal, Agra, India

chār-bāgh

enclosed garden subdivided into four parts by canals and paths