Demography

Birth rate

The number of live births per thousand of the population per year

Reasons for decline in the birth rate

• Changes in women’s positions e.g. careers and equality

• Decline in the infant mortality rate

• Children are an economic liability

• Child centeredness - quality over quantity

Effects of changes in fertility

• Smaller families

• Dependency ratio increases

• Less public services —> fewer schools needed

Death rate

Number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

Reasons for the decline in the death rate

• Improved healthcare

• Improved nutrition

• Lifestyle changes

• Public health measures

Effects of an ageing population

• Public services - health and social care is needed

• One-person pensioner households increase

• Higher dependency ratio

Ageism

The negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people based on their age

Hunt

Postmodernist - consumption becomes the key of our identities, there is an anti-ageing products market

Impact of migration on the UK

• Increase in population size

• Lowers average age

• Lowers dependency ratio (but them having children increases it)

Super diversity

Migrants now come from a wider range of countries - an ethnic group may be broken into many cultures

Cohen

3 types of migrants:

1. Citizens with full citizenship rights

2. Denizens are privileged foreigners welcomed by the nation

3. Helots are exploited for labour

Ehrenreich and Hochschild

Feminisation of migration - half of all migrants are female, care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries is done by women from poor countries

Transnational identities

Migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging to one country - they identify as a migrant