APUSH UNITS 5,6,7

1848 - 1945

Progressive movement

Reform movements at turn of 20th century through WW1 sought to improve life in industrial age --> through action by government. improve democracy and limit power of corporations. Directly caused by industrialization and urbanization.

Progressive reformers

protect social welfare
moral improvement
efficiency
creating economic reform

muckrakers

Theodore Roosevelt term for people that wrote about corruption

Clayton Antitrust Act

Attempt to improve Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. Forbade creation of monopolies. Officers had to be responsible for anti-trust violations.

conservation movement

political, environmental and a social movement that seeks to protect natural resources

Philippine-American War

1899-1902 fought to quell Filipino resistance to US control Philippine islands. Filipinos gave up when leader was captured.

dollar diplomacy

1909-1913 efforts of United States (President = William Howard Taft) to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia. Increase American influence by investing in foreign markets.

moral imperialism

the imposition of a set of moral values onto a culture that does not share those values, either through force or through cultural criticism

interventionists

People like Theodore Roosevelt who insisted that the nation defend its "honor" and economic interests against the demands of the pacifists

isolationists

people who thought USA shouldn't get involved in foreign affairs

American Expeditionary Force*

Consisted of 3M men in army &other 2M that joined various branches of armed services voluntarily. It was the most diverse fighting force in US ever assembled; women were permitted to enlist

Treaty of Versailles**

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty
1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce.
2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion)
3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI
4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons

League of Nations**

Wilson's idea was the creation of a permanent international organization to oversee world affairs &prevent future wars. Jan 25, 1919, Allies voted to accept it, but Congress didn't approve of it. This provided for an assembly of nations that would meet regularly to debate means of resolving disputes &protecting the peace

Washington Naval Conference

a military conference called by President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty, the Nine-Power Treaty, which preserved peace during the 1920s but are credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II.
United States, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal

World War 1

June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo began war. Lasted from 1914-1918.
Allies: UK, France, Russia, Italy ('15)
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire

xenophobia

intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries

Sedition Act

1918 act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds.

Scopes Trial

case in 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school

Harlem Renaissance**

cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s.

Red Scare**

The fear that spread across the nation that a communist revolution would take place in the U.S.; many threats and people were deported or arrested

Great Migration***

100,000s of blacks from rural S moved into N industrial cities.
Push=poverty, indebtednes, racism, &violence in S Pull=prospect of factory jobs in urban N &opportunity to live in community where blacks could have more freedom

The Great Depression***

the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

The New Deal***

series of domestic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933-37) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

First: Series and Exchange Commission, Federal Housing Administration, End of the Gold Standard RECOVERY+RELIEF
Second: attacking corporate interests
RELIEF+REFORM

"limited welfare state"

a system in which the government is responsible for the economic and social well-being of its people.

liberalism

political philosophy founded on ideas of liberty and equality

Tennessee Valley Authority

FDR 1933, provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression

Works Progress Administration

FDR's New Deal 1933, employing people to build public works

'court packing'

Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937. FDR tried to add more justices to the Supreme Court because he wanted more Republicans (more support) and claimed that the current ones were too old. The court had ruled some legislation in the New Deal unconstitutional.

Social Security Act

Part of FDR's 2nd New Deal, 1935, social welfare legislative act which created the Social Security system in the United States.

Bracero program*

1942, Mexican workers received temporary contracts to work in the US while WW2 was going on, many ended up staying in the US. (FDR)

Atlantic Charter

Secret meeting between FDR and Winston Churchill to discuss war aims and strategies about WW2, although the US had not joined yet.

World War II***

1939-1945 Allies (US, UK, China, Russia --> unlikely bedmates) vs. Axis (Germany, Italy, Japan)

Manhattan Project

creating the atomic bomb, didn't tell Stalin about it until after testing (US + UK, but not even the vice president knew)

laissez faire

Economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

JP Morgan

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901

John D Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Andrew Carnegie

A business man that increased his power through by gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of steel production development.

Horizontal Integration

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. It is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution. Company took over all different businesses on which it relied for its primary function (Carnegie Steel came to control not only steel mills but mines, railroads, etc)

Robber baron

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Conspicuous Consumption

Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed because of the Haymarket Square Riot

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A violent but ultimately unsuccessful interstate strike, which resulted in extensive property damage and many deaths. The first major interstate strike in us history. The panic of 1873 caused railroad lines to cut wages which caused workers to walk off the job and block the tracks- it eventually turned violent. Federal troops finally quelled the violence. After workers turned violent the public began to blame them for the looting and violence and they lost all sympathy

Haymarket Square 1886

Demands for an 8 hour working day in Chicago. Demonstration by a group of anarchists cause a crowd of 1,500 people. Bomb exploded & police opened fire. Anarchists were tired on court.

Homestead Strike 1892

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

Pullman Strike 1894

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing, nonviolent strike Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery

Eugene Debs

1855-1926. American union leader, one of the founders of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World, and five-time Socialist Party of America Presidential Candidate.

American Federation of Labor 1886

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Mother Jones

Labor activist who was a member of the Knights of Labor union and who used publicity techniques to create awareness of the plight of mine workers and child laborers.

The New South

Not all white southerners revered the lost cause. Many looked to the future rather tha the past. They attempted to modernize the South's economy and to disversify southern agriculture. They encouraged northern investment and the building of new railroads to tie the south into national and internaltional markets. Rather than a lost cause, these southerners looked to a new south

Crop-lien system

Similar to sharecropping — merchants loan food and supplies to farmers so they can farm; farmers have to pay them back with some of their crops. When harvests were bad, farmers got deeper and deeper in debt to merchants.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Tenant farming

System of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter

Grange 1867

Farming cooperatives, farmers share supplies

Granger Laws

Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Farmers Alliance

In 1873 the Grangers founded this. Their goals promote social gatherings/education opportunities, organize against abuse, form cooperative/women played a significant role, and wanted political pressure. This later led to the founding of the populist party.

Colored Farmers Alliance 1886

An organization for coloured farmers who rallied behind political reforms to solve the farmers' economic problems.

Populists

Group that called for nationalizing the railroads, telephones, and telegraph; income tax, loans for farmers, and free and unlimited coinage of silver.

Free silver

Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan

1896
Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

National American Women Suffrage Association

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

American Women Suffrage Association

focused on winning the right to vote for women state by state.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

Morrill Land-Grant Acts

Passed by Congress in 1862, this law distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.

Frederick Jackson Turner

"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

Dawes Act

1887 law that divided reservation land into private family plots

Credit Mobilier

1872, This was a fraudulent construction company created to take the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad. Using government funds for the railroad, the Union Pacific directors gave padded construction contracts to Congress members

Boss Tweed

Leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws in the South that legalized segregation.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Grandfather clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Booker T. Washington

African American leader from the late 1800's until his death form 1915; founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama; encouraged African Americans to learn trades and become economically self-sufficient before calling for equal rights.

Helen Hunt Jackson

"A Century of Dishonor" led to some American sympathy toward Indians

Frederick Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants.

Lochner v. New York

overturns new york law setting 8 hr maximum working hours for bakery workers- 1905. Violates his constitutional right of liberty of contract through the 14th amendment

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Lecompton Constitution

Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Dred Scott v. Standford

landmark supreme court decision which confirmed that status of slaves as property rather than citizens, and therefore the case was thrown out by Chief Justice Roger B Taney

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

Tariff of 1857

Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Freeport Question

Idea that any territory could ban slavery by simply refusing to pass laws supporting it

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

Harpers Ferry/John Brown

Harpers Ferry contained a US Armament. John Brown, a radical abolitionist attacked the baracks only to fail in getting guns for enslvaved southerners. Later hung on Dec 2

Constitutional Union Party

a former political party in the United States

Confederate States of America

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

Crittenden Amendments/ John Crittenden

These amendements to the Constitution were designed to appease the south by prohibiting slavery north of 36, 30' but allowed protection south of this line. It also allowed future states to enter with or without slavery regardless of their position north or south.

Henry Ward Beecher

United States clergyman who was a leader for the abolition of slavery (1813-1887)